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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the potential of multilineage differentiation into a variety of cells and have been widely explored in tissue engineering. In the current study, we examined whether MSCs could be differentiated to vaginal epithelial cells (VECs) upon co\u2010culturing with VECs. We also examined whether Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling pathway is implicated in such differentiation. Co\u2010culture of MSCs with VECs using a transwell insert system (with no direct contact) induced the expression of VECs marker AE1\/AE3 in MSCs. MSCs combined with small intestinal submucosa (SIS) scaffold were implanted in place of the native vagina in rats to observe the implications for vaginal reconstruction in vivo. Anatomic repair of neovagina was assessed by histological staining for H\/E and Masson's Trichrome. GSK\u20103\u03b2 and \u03b2\u2010catenin, main members of Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling pathway, in MSCs were increased upon co\u2010culturing with VECs. Exposure of co\u2010cultured MSCs to a Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling activator, lithium chloride (LiCl, 20\u2009\u00b5M) increased phosphorylated GSK\u20103\u03b2 and \u03b2\u2010catenin and enhanced expression of AE1\/AE3. In vivo\u2010grafted cells displayed significant matrix infiltration and expressed epithelial markers in neovagina. These findings suggest that MSCs could acquire the phenotype of VECs when co\u2010cultured with VECs, possibly via activation of Wnt\/\u03b2\u2010catenin signaling. MSCs provide an alternative cell source for potential use in vaginal tissue engineering.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.10495","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,28]],"date-time":"2015-05-28T08:35:04Z","timestamp":1432802104000},"page":"1225-1233","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells could acquire the phenotypes of epithelial cells and accelerate vaginal reconstruction combined with small intestinal submucosa"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Yanan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University 215 Heping West Road Shijiazhuang 050000 China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology 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