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To test the effect of this interaction on macrophage inflammatory activation, the human macrophage\u2010like monocytic leukemia cell line THP\u20101 was treated with oligomycin, rotenone, or sodium azide, which induce mitochondrial dysfunction (MD) by blocking the electron transport chain (ETC). MD induced by these agents triggered activation of various sensors and markers of ER stress. This linkage affected macrophage function since LPS\u2010induced expression of IL\u201023 was enhanced by the MD inducers, and this enhancing effect was abolished by inhibition of pancreatic endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) activity. This MD\u2010mediated ER stress may be universal since it was observed in human embryonic kidney HEK293 cells and colon cancer SW480 cells. On the other hand, MD regulated LPS\u2010induced activation of the AKT\/GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2\u2010catenin pathway in a manner not affected by inhibition of PERK or inositol\u2010requiring enzyme 1\u03b1 (IRE1\u03b1) activities. These results indicate that the occurrence of MD can lead to ER stress and these two events, separately or in combination, can affect various cellular processes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,11]],"date-time":"2019-01-11T11:48:35Z","timestamp":1547207315000},"page":"313-322","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["ER stress differentially affects pro\u2010inflammatory changes induced by mitochondrial dysfunction in the human monocytic leukemia cell line, THP\u20101"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Jae\u2010Nyoung","family":"Heo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group Kyungpook National University Daegu 41566 Republic of 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