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Considering different interactions between hormones, growth factors, and other factors in the neural system, several differentiation protocols have been proposed to direct hEnSCs towards specific neural cells. The 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol plays important roles in the processes of development, maturation, and function of nervous system. In the present research, the impact of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol (estrogen, E2) on the neural differentiation of hEnSCs was examined for the first time, based on the expression levels of neural genes and proteins. In this regard, hEnSCs were differentiated into neuron\u2010like cells after exposure to retinoic acid (RA), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and also fibroblast growth factor\u20102 (FGF2) in the absence or presence of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol. The majority of cells showed a multipolar morphology. In all groups, the expression levels of nestin, Tuj\u20101 and NF\u2010H (neurofilament heavy polypeptide) (as neural\u2010specific markers) increased during 14 days. According to the outcomes of immunofluorescence (IF) and real\u2010time PCR analyses, the neuron\u2010specific markers were more expressed in the estrogen\u2010treated groups, in comparison with the estrogen\u2010free ones. These findings suggest that 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol along with other growth factors can stimulate and upregulate the expression of neural markers during the neuronal differentiation of hEnSCs. Moreover, our findings confirm that hEnSCs can be an appropriate cell source for cell therapy of neurodegenerative diseases and neural tissue engineering.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.11478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]],"date-time":"2020-10-13T19:29:16Z","timestamp":1602617356000},"page":"140-153","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Defining the role of 17\u03b2\u2010estradiol in human endometrial stem cells differentiation into neuron\u2010like cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8286-6013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elham","family":"Hasanzadeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences Sari Iran"},{"name":"Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied 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