{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T01:17:34Z","timestamp":1792545454779,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073453"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>cryptococcus neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) is a crucial opportunistic fungus that possesses an encapsulated fungal pathogen. The cryptococcal capsule is mainly composed of the polysaccharide glucuronoxylomannan (GXM). Macrophages form the first\u2010line innate defense against cryptococcosis; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, GXM\u2010treated RAW264.7 macrophages showed a notably reduced survival rate and increased apoptosis, accompanied by the promoted inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and NO production. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) expression was also found to be directly proportional to GXM concentration; STAT1 knockdown could alleviate GXM\u2010induced proliferation decrease and apoptosis increase of macrophages, as well as reduce M1 polarization, iNOS expression and NO release. In conclusion, this study concluded that GXM was the main virulence factor of\n                    <jats:italic>C. neoformans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which is critical in determining the mechanism of GXM\u2010mediated protective immune response postinfection. The STAT1 signal pathway mediates the effect of GXM stimulation on macrophages, potentially providing a reference for further understanding the biological role of GXM.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.12267","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T07:46:12Z","timestamp":1736149572000},"page":"317-328","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) modulates macrophage proliferation and apoptosis through the STAT1 signaling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Youming","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College Center for Plastic &amp; Reconstructive Surgery Hangzhou 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