{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T14:34:52Z","timestamp":1790087692106,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endothelial dysfunction is a critical contributor to atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, driven by oxidative stress and inflammation induced by oxidized low\u2010density lipoprotein (oxLDL). This study investigates the protective effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) against oxLDL\u2010induced endothelial dysfunction using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) as an in vitro model. Our findings demonstrate that oxLDL exposure significantly reduces cell viability, induces oxidative stress, and promotes endothelial injury by upregulating LOX\u20101 expression, decreasing nitric oxide (NO) production, and impairing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activity. Pretreatment with GSH effectively restores cell viability, reduces ROS generation, suppresses LOX\u20101 expression, and preserves NO bioavailability by maintaining eNOS activity. Additionally, GSH enhances the antioxidant defense system by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase levels while reducing lipid peroxidation, as indicated by lower malondialdehyde content. Beyond its antioxidative properties, GSH exhibits antiapoptotic effects by restoring the Bax\/Bcl\u20102 balance, inhibiting cytochrome C release, and suppressing caspase\u20103 activation, thereby preventing mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Furthermore, GSH mitigates endothelial inflammation by downregulating intercellular adhesion molecule\u20101 (ICAM\u20101) and vascular cell adhesion molecule\u20101 (VCAM\u20101) expression. These findings highlight GSH's potential as a therapeutic agent for protecting endothelial cells against oxLDL\u2010induced dysfunction by alleviating oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, ultimately contributing to the prevention of atherosclerosis progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T06:35:06Z","timestamp":1749796506000},"page":"1163-1172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Glutathione as a Therapeutic Agent for OxLDL\u2010Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Atherosclerosis Prevention"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Chathuri Kaushalya","family":"Marasinghe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food and Life Science Pukyong National University Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4800-0566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae\u2010Young","family":"Je","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Human Bioconvergence, Division of Smart Healthcare Pukyong National University Busan South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1995.268.4.H1651"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2016.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10623320490482655"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000131515.03336.f8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000132474.50966.DA"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1203249"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpcardio1211"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr304"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13813450701661198"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-117"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/med-2021-0200"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cdtm.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"453","article-title":"[Malondialdehyde (MDA) as a Lipid Peroxidation Marker]","volume":"57","author":"Gawe\u0142 S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Wiadomosci lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland: 1960)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306301"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-013-6442-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24018\/ejmed.2020.2.2.218"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2016.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5339\/gcsp.2014.43"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2022.925923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867325666180508100950"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.23.2299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00546.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.19.1930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13765-022-00717-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00589.2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.17.9166"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2016.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md22100466"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2023.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2983-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(99)00216-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2016.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"Nitric Oxide, Oxidative Stress and Vascular Endothelium in Health and Hypertension","volume":"37","author":"Rush J. W.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-1981(02)00343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4061\/2011\/281240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/386073a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03770.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/16.10.1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.21.2450"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(02)04687-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2867-13-71"}],"container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbin.70047","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T07:12:11Z","timestamp":1754982731000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbin.70047"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbin.70047"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbin.70047","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-6995","1095-8355"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1065-6995","type":"print"},{"value":"1095-8355","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-31","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-05-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-13","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}