{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T07:08:56Z","timestamp":1765004936418,"version":"3.45.0"},"reference-count":122,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited, autosomal recessive disorder that is caused by mutations in the gene encoding cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR). CFTR maintains the balance between water and salts by transporting chloride ions along various epithelial surfaces. CFTR impairment affects the function of several organs, including the lungs. Newborn screening, prenatal diagnosis, and pharmacological interventions have altered the prevalence and incidence of cystic fibrosis. Although CFTR modulators are a promising treatment option, their ability to target and correct only one mutation at a time restricts their therapeutic potential. The development of genome editing technologies such as Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats\u2010Cas(CRISPR\u2010Cas9) has the potential to correct genetic mutations, including those associated with CF, thereby offering a permanent treatment by fixing the root cause of CF. This article summarizes cystic fibrosis development, prognosis, and diagnosis, as well as possibilities for correcting various types of CFTR gene mutations. The review focuses on the potential of gene editing technologies to repair CFTR mutations and their applications in the advancement of CF treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:58:58Z","timestamp":1758542338000},"page":"1564-1578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Gene Editing for Cystic Fibrosis: Advances and Prospects of CRISPR\u2010Cas9 Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-5652-1735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iqra","family":"Khurram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Genomics Research Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology University of the Punjab Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2038-4817","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood S.","family":"Choudhery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics &amp; Molecular Biology University of Health Sciences Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-0571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Usman","family":"Ghani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Genomics Research Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology University of the Punjab Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0258-1510","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taqdees","family":"Arif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics &amp; Molecular Biology University of Health Sciences Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4317-1895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiza","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Precision Genomics Research Lab, Centre for Applied Molecular Biology University of the Punjab Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8548-7927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruhma","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Allama Iqbal Medical College\/Jinnah Hospital Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9827-9776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad","family":"Niaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Genetics &amp; Molecular Biology University of Health Sciences Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6289-5207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Umer","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology The University of Lahore Lahore Punjab Pakistan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09534"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909825"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"First Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry Annual Data Report\u2010Cystic Fibrosis Foundation of Iran","volume":"57","author":"Aghamohammadi A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Medica Iranica"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-024-01742-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-36244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2006.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2023.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/arm92040026"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humgen.2025.201377"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25852"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","first-page":"437","article-title":"ul Hassan, M., & Mehdi, Z","volume":"9","author":"Ashraf A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Personalized Medicine: A Potential Therapy for Cystic Fibrosis. Advancements in Life Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11101113"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060949"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(19)30337-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1566523215666150812115939"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1415-47572003000100001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1204094"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(14)70132-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00763-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2022.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MOP.0000000000000627"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","unstructured":"CFTR2. (2024 September 25 2024). Retrieved July 09 2025 Fromhttps:\/\/cftr2.org\/mutations_history."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku241"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00558-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1231143"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/20734735.0016-2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.70470\/SHIFAA\/2023\/005"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2020.112445"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ame2.12091"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2014.02.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.662110"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072398"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","unstructured":"Grupo Brasileiro de Estudos de Fibrose C\u00edstica (GBEFC).2024. Registro Brasileiro de Fibrose C\u00edstica (REBRAFC) \u2010 Relat\u00f3rio Anual 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2015.07.062"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","unstructured":"Foundation C. F.2021. Patient Registry 2020 Annual Data Report: Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Bethesda MD."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.04.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1569-1993(22)00275-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910355"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14712598.2021.1869208"},{"volume-title":"The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease","year":"2001","key":"e_1_2_14_46_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10112844"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00465.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32597-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12033-022-00567-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe1811996"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.202308003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.25766"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-024-01762-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.3.1156"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2020.160"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1323-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41434-023-00390-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12922-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753465815601934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0295009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/mt.2009.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw7611"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01585"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/cdd.2017.126"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3569"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0299-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/316940"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.202010-1336SD"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2020.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20147"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1755"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3543"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa089"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.619763"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2017.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03886-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1709035114"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1996.02170300108024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07504-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arbr.2014.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i859"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02770903.2023.2297365"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1105185"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-12-83"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5863\/1551-6776-25.3.192"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2019.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-019-0298-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s1569-1993(23)00403-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gimo.2024.101154"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-025-10258-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17476348.2018.1507741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201909-1845LE"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","unstructured":"Sharma E. Y. S.(2022 August 2 2022). Cystic Fibrosis. Fromhttps:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK493206\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2019.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0112-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/15548627.2014.973737"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000155549.29643.ad"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1015926"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgeed.2022.843885"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2020.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcf.2008.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9092706"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2021.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2015.144"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aba8853"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12121555"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac1151"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-58627-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_112_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-42948-2"},{"issue":"04","key":"e_1_2_14_113_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Classification and Research Status of CRISPR\/Cas System [J]","volume":"12","author":"Weisong G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Advances in Biotechnology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_114_1","first-page":"67","article-title":"Optimization and Development of CRISPR\/Cas9 Systems for Genome Editing","volume":"4","author":"Xiaolong T.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Synthetic Biology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2022.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1358"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.201912360"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/8836342"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_14_119_1","article-title":"A Review of Trikafta: Triple Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) Modulator Therapy","volume":"13","author":"Zaher A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_120_1","unstructured":"Zampoli M. J.Verstraete M.Frauendorf andL.Workman.2021. South African Cystic Fibrosis Patient Registry Annual Report 2018."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2015.29002.fzh"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu125"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang L.2024. \u201cCRISPR\/Cas System in Human Genetic Diseases.\u201dPaper Presented at the Third International Conference on Biological Engineering and Medical Science(ICBioMed2023).","DOI":"10.1117\/12.3012830"}],"container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbin.70082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,12]],"date-time":"2025-11-12T08:18:35Z","timestamp":1762935515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbin.70082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"references-count":122,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbin.70082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbin.70082","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1065-6995","1095-8355"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1065-6995"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1095-8355"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-05","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-09-22","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}