{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T14:08:27Z","timestamp":1788530907414,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Biology International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Endotoxin\u2010induced uveitis (EIU) is a well\u2010established model for acute ocular inflammation and mimics aspects of human uveitis. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA), a bile acid with known anti\u2010inflammatory and cytoprotective properties, may attenuate retinal injury by targeting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and apoptosis. This study investigates the protective effects of TUDCA in both in vivo and in vitro EIU models. EIU was induced in male Wistar rats by intravitreal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), with or without prior intraperitoneal TUDCA administration. ARPE\u201019 cells were used to model retinal pigment epithelial stress in vitro. Ocular inflammation was assessed clinically and histologically. Immunostaining and immunofluorescence quantified ER stress marker Glucose\u2010Regulated Protein 78 (GRP78), caspase\u20103, caspase\u201012, and apoptosis. Caspase\u20103 activity and TUNEL assays evaluated apoptotic response. TUDCA pretreatment significantly reduced LPS\u2010induced ocular inflammation and retinal thickening in rats. In ARPE\u201019 cells, TUDCA restored LPS\u2010compromised viability and mitigated morphological damage. Both models showed reduced expression of GRP78, caspase\u20103, and caspase\u201012 following TUDCA administration. TUNEL and caspase\u20103 activity assays confirmed that TUDCA decreased apoptosis in retinal tissues and cultured cells. The findings demonstrate that TUDCA effectively suppresses ER stress and apoptosis pathways activated during endotoxin\u2010induced retinal inflammation. Its dual anti\u2010inflammatory and cytoprotective actions support its therapeutic potential in acute ocular inflammatory conditions. TUDCA attenuates clinical, histological, and molecular manifestations of LPS\u2010induced uveitis, highlighting its promise as a candidate for adjunctive therapy in inflammatory retinal diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:41:03Z","timestamp":1758876063000},"page":"1692-1704","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid Mitigates Inflammation, ER Stress, and Apoptosis in Experimental Endotoxin\u2010Induced Uveitis: In Vivo and In Vitro Evidence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Yusuf Samet","family":"Atl\u0131han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleyna \u00d6zt\u00fcz\u00fcn","family":"\u00dcn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hazal Tuzcu","family":"Balaban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esma","family":"K\u0131r\u0131ml\u0131o\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cumhur \u0130brahim","family":"Ba\u015fsorgun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehmet Erkan","family":"Do\u011fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0660-971X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mutay","family":"Aslan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Akdeniz University Faculty of Medicine Antalya Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101430"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines8090367"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900011-JLR200"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12348-024-00444-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327117734621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10715760500456219"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/0702-RM-34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00055735-200012000-00016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"619","article-title":"Expression of Toll\u2010Like Receptor 4 in Uvea\u2010Resident Tissue Macrophages During Endotoxin\u2010Induced Uveitis","volume":"15","author":"Chen W.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01570-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-199630050-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","first-page":"610","article-title":"Review: The Bile Acids Urso\u2010 and Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid as Neuroprotective Therapies in Retinal Disease","volume":"25","author":"Daruich A.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jleuko\/qiac016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","unstructured":"Duplechain A. 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