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This study investigated the effects of curcumin\u2010loaded nanospheres (CN) on cellular injury induced by fine dust (PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in HaCaT human keratinocytes and examined the signaling mechanisms involved. PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    exposure significantly decreased cell viability, whereas CN at 10\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u03bcg\/mL significantly restored cell viability and showed a protective effect at a lower concentration than unformulated curcumin. PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    rapidly increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, followed by activation of extracellular signal\u2010regulated kinase (ERK), p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase (MAPK), and nuclear factor\u2010kappa B (NF\u2010\u03baB). CN reduced ROS generation and inhibited activation of these signaling molecules. CN also restored the altered Bax\/Bcl\u20102 balance, decreased caspase\u20103 cleavage, and reduced caspase\u20101\u2010dependent IL\u20101\u03b2 processing in PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010exposed cells. Treatment with NAC and inhibitors of ERK, p38 MAPK, NF\u2010\u03baB, and caspase\u20101 further reduced PM\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced cytotoxic and inflammatory responses, supporting the involvement of these pathways. Overall, CN attenuated fine dust\u2010induced cellular toxicity in keratinocytes by suppressing ROS\u2010dependent MAPK\/NF\u2010\u03baB signaling and downstream apoptotic and inflammatory responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbin.70222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T10:25:33Z","timestamp":1791023133000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Curcumin\u2010Loaded Nanospheres Attenuate Fine Dust (PM\n                    <sub>10<\/sub>\n                    )\u2010Induced Cellular Toxicity by Suppressing Reactive Oxygen Species\u2010Dependent Signaling in Human Keratinocytes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2442-9054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ju\u2010Yeon","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Major of Human Bio\u2010convergence, Division of Smart 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