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Some prisons encourage exercise, but there is no evidence specific to this group on its benefits or the relative merits of different programmes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To test the effect of physical exercise on the psychological well\u2010being of prisoners and to determine which mental disorders are most affected by physical activity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sixty\u2010four participants were randomly assigned across three groups: cardiovascular plus resistance training (CRT), high\u2010intensity strength training (HIST) and no exercise. Before and after the 9\u2010month experimental period, all participants completed the Symptom Checklist\u201090\u2010Revised.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Each form of exercise significantly reduced depression scale scores compared with those in the control group, in which average depression scale scores actually increased. The CRT group also showed a significant decrease in GSI scores on the Symptom Checklist\u201090 and on its interpersonal sensitivity scale, whereas the HIST group also significantly improved on the anxiety, phobic anxiety and hostility scale scores.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our evidence, taken together with general population studies, supports introduction of supervised, moderately intense exercise for at least 1\u2009h per week for men in prison. They form a high risk group for mental disorders, and such exercise reduces depression and anxiety. Minimal special equipment is needed for CRT. Further research should replicate the study in a larger, multi\u2010centre trial, and examine impact on shorter\u2010term and longer\u2010term prisoners, female prisoners and effects on recidivism. 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