{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,9]],"date-time":"2026-08-09T23:41:15Z","timestamp":1786318875532,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>In spite of an elevated prevalence of trauma histories among prisoners, there has been little research examining the relationship between incarceration and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD); this is especially true for Black Americans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine relationships between PTSD and incarceration in a nationally representative sample of Black Americans.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted analysis of data from the National Survey of American Life sample of 5008 Black American adults in the USA. Multivariate logistic regression analyses controlling for demographic factors including age, gender, home region and education were conducted to examine whether incarceration status was independently associated with PTSD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incarceration was significantly associated with trauma exposure, PTSD in the 12\u2009months prior to interview and lifetime PTSD, even while controlling for demographic covariates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions and implications for practice<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incarceration, trauma exposure and PTSD share a significant number of risk factors and co\u2010vary frequently in some populations, including the one of Black Americans investigated in this study. Interventions that can reduce shared risk factors for incarceration and PTSD and\/or facilitate successful treatment of the established condition have the potential to make a large positive impact among incarcerated and formerly incarcerated people. Copyright \u00a9 2015 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1951","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,2]],"date-time":"2015-03-02T04:05:17Z","timestamp":1425269117000},"page":"110-123","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Epidemiological associations between posttraumatic stress disorder and incarceration in the National Survey of American Life"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9938-0717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"RaeAnn E.","family":"Anderson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Geier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn P.","family":"Cahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology University of Wisconsin\u2010Milwaukee  Milwaukee WI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.5.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2003.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0160-2527(99)00011-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885510382226"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.111.096370"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.2010.01069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1875"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"HarlowCW(1999)Prior abuse reported by inmates and probationers. 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