{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T04:53:44Z","timestamp":1767675224250,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]],"date-time":"2018-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1543190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Child molesters form a heterogeneous group, but one generally shared characteristic is maladaptive, rigid behaviour. Impairments in reinforcement learning may explain these maladaptive tendencies, but this has not been systematically investigated. Further, it is not known if such impairments vary with subtype of child molesters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the presence of impairments in reinforcement learning among child molesters and to test for differences in patterns of impairment with subtype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A group of 59 child molesters was recruited from several prisons in a two\u2010stage screening process, the first using records and the second interview; a comparison group of 33 offenders who had never committed a sex offence and who denied paedophile ideation was similarly recruited; 36 nonoffender comparison men were recruited by social media and word of mouth. Each was asked to perform a probabilistic reversal learning task, in which stimulus\u2010outcome contingencies had to be learned.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Child molesters, as a group, made significantly more errors on the probabilistic reversal learning task than the nonoffenders; the comparison offenders and the nonoffenders gained similar scores, although findings may have been confounded by older age in the child molester group. Nonpaedophilic child molesters had significantly worse scores than paedophilic child molesters.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Child molesters, especially those not diagnosed with paedophilia, have deficits during both the acquisition and reversal of contingencies, suggesting reinforcement learning deficits that may undermine their capacity to benefit maximally from therapy without preliminary work to repair those deficits, possibly in conjunction with extending the offender programmes. Testing before programme entry would enable accurate targeting of scarce resources in this respect.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2097","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,27]],"date-time":"2018-11-27T02:50:16Z","timestamp":1543287016000},"page":"31-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Reinforcement learning in child molesters"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2656-3157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tineke","family":"Dillien","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"University Forensic Centre University Hospital Antwerp (UZA)  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kris","family":"Goethals","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"University Forensic Centre University Hospital Antwerp (UZA)  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernard","family":"Sabbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"University Psychiatric Centre Duffel University Hospital Antwerp (UZA)  Antwerp Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inti A.","family":"Brazil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Collaborative Antwerp Psychiatric Research Institute (CAPRI), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Antwerp  Antwerp Belgium"},{"name":"Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour Radboud University  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Forensic Psychiatric Centre Pompestichting, Division Diagnostics Research and Education  Nijmegen The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Advances in Behavioural Science Coventry University  Coventry UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,26]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev): DSM\u2010IV\u2010TR","year":"2000","author":"American Psychiatric Association","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167702614560744"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07538"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2017.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.115.3.552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(89)90354-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2015.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.22-11-04563.2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-016-9574-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0065566"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617710001669"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06230.x"},{"volume-title":"Hare psychopathy checklist-revised","year":"2003","author":"Hare R. 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