{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T12:10:11Z","timestamp":1769343011809,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The indeterminate sentence of Imprisonment for Public Protection (IPP), was created in England and Wales in 2003. After its abolition in 2012, many IPP\u2010prisoners have become stuck in the prison system, facing considerable problems of sentence progression. The extant literature makes clear that the uncertainty and hopelessness caused by the indeterminacy of the IPP sentence are compounded by the negative impacts experienced by families and others providing support to people serving these sentences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mental strains caused for family members by the IPP sentence were examined. Of particular interest is the role and weight of the parole process experience, and its potential mental and physiological health impact on families.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This article draws on findings from two qualitative research projects conducted with families of prisoners serving the IPP sentence in England and Wales. Their experiences will be examined by reference to literature on the mental health impact of indeterminate sentences on prisoners and their families and the wider literature on the symbiotic harms of imprisonment for families. The aim was to add to this by focusing on families' experiences of cumulative stress caused by the sentence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title><jats:p>We demonstrate that the IPP parole process exerts specific weight and mental strains on family members occupying the negative end of the stress spectrum. Drawing on a body of neuroscientific, neuroendocrinological and criminological literature, we argue that these mental health impacts on families may represent a public health risk in need of practical and policy mitigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Implications<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a pressing need for recognition of what are often hidden symbiotic harms experienced by families of people sentenced to IPP. Families require more information as well as considerably greater practical and emotional support on an institutional and communal level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]],"date-time":"2020-11-24T09:12:42Z","timestamp":1606209162000},"page":"341-349","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The mental health impact of parole on families of indeterminate\u2010sentenced prisoners in England and Wales"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0252-1689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Straub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leeds School of Law  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6042-038X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"Annison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southampton Law School  Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480613497779"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-923X.12462"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_4_1","volume-title":"The pains of indeterminate imprisonment for family members findings and Recommendations: Extended Report","author":"Annison H.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_5_1","unstructured":"Annison H. &Straub C.(2019).A helping hand. Supporting families in the resettlement of people serving IPPs. Prison Reform Trust. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk\/portals\/0\/documents\/A%20helping%20hand.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5040\/9781509921003.ch-009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2013.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-012-2794-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2066220317742634"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_10_1","volume-title":"The shadow of prison: Families, imprisonment and criminal justice","author":"Codd H. L.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226114682.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Conceptualizing the effects of imprisonment on families: Collateral consequences, secondary punishment, or symbiotic harms?","author":"Condry R.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theoretical Criminology"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_13_1","volume-title":"Families shamed: The consequences of crime for relatives of serious offenders","author":"Condry R.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.6.4249"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407162101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.psy.0000195780.37277.2a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000156468"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azw097"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_21_1","volume-title":"Unintended consequences: Finding a way forward for prisoners serving sentences of imprisonment for public protection","author":"HMIP","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800411398479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2003.10.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_24_1","unstructured":"Jacobson J. &Hough M.(2010).Unjust deserts. Prison Reform Trust. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk\/uploads\/documents\/unjustdeserts.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5920\/cop.hud.2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13575279.2018.1448257"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1314.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_29_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. (2020). Offender management statistics bulletin England and Wales. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/861889\/Offender_Management_Statistics_Quarterly_Q3_2019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2007.03.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2012.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_32_1","volume-title":"Parole Board Strategy 2016\u20102020","author":"Parole Board for England and Wales","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_33_1","volume-title":"In the dark: The mental health implications of Imprisonment for Public Protection","author":"Sainsbury Centre for Mental Health","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_34_1","volume-title":"Controversial issues in prisons","author":"Scott D.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_36_1","volume-title":"Children of the prison boom: Mass incarceration and the future of American inequality","author":"Wakefield S.","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbm.2184","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbm.2184","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbm.2184","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,2]],"date-time":"2023-09-02T22:54:34Z","timestamp":1693695274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbm.2184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbm.2184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.2184","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-9664","1471-2857"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-9664","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2857","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,24]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-10-26","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-11-24","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}