{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T07:31:35Z","timestamp":1749713495809,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,27]],"date-time":"2021-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Offenders are more likely than the general population to have experienced relationship trauma. They are also more likely to have lower empathy. To date, relationships between historical trauma and later empathic states have not been examined among offenders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To explore the association between history of trauma in close personal relationships and empathy among offenders. Our research question is: Is such relational trauma associated with self\u2010rated impairments in empathy?<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>All men with a primary school education and above at a single all\u2010male prison in Jiangsu Province in China were invited to participate. The self\u2010reported <jats:italic>Interpersonal Reactivity Index<\/jats:italic> was used to evaluate empathy, and the <jats:italic>Brief Betrayal Trauma Survey<\/jats:italic> was to explore interpersonal trauma and classify such experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Interpersonal trauma was associated with higher personal distress and lower empathic concern among men reporting relational trauma in adulthood, but only higher personal distress when the trauma reported was in childhood. Non\u2010relational trauma was associated with higher empathic concern. Cognitive aspects of empathy varied little between groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings add to the existing literature by making distinctions between the types of trauma and the age of key experience in its relationship to self\u2010reported empathy. The differences found suggest that it may be helpful to consider planning any trauma\u2010related interventions differently according to the type and age of trauma experiences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2208","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,28]],"date-time":"2021-07-28T03:43:43Z","timestamp":1627443823000},"page":"248-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association between relational trauma and empathy among male offenders in China"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5703-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shaishai","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases Medical College of Soochow University  Suzhou Jiangsu 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