{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:02:58Z","timestamp":1783468978857,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Imprisonment impacts on lives beyond the prisoner's. In particular, family and intimate relationships are affected. Only some countries permit private conjugal visits in prison between a prisoner and community living partner.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our aim was to find evidence from published international literature on the safety, benefits or harms of such visits.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A systematic literature review was conducted using broad search terms, including words like \u2018private\u2019 and \u2018family\u2019, to maximise search sensitivity but strict criteria for inclusion \u2013 of visits unobserved by prison staff and away from other prisoners. All included papers were quality assessed. Two of us independently extracted data from included papers, according to a prepared checklist. Meta\u2010analysis was considered.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen papers were identified from 12 independent studies, all but three of them from North America. The only study of health benefits found a positive association with maintaining sexual relationships. The three before\u2010and\u2010after study of partnership qualities suggested benefit, but conjugal visiting was within a wider family\u2010support programme. Studies with in\u2010prison behaviour as a possible outcome suggest small, if any, association, although one US\u2010wide study found significantly fewer in\u2010prison sexual assaults in states allowing conjugal visiting than those not. Other studies were of prisoner, staff or partner attitudes. There is little evidence of adverse effects, although two qualitative studies raise concerns about the visiting partner's sense of institutionalisation or coercion.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The balance of evidence about conjugal visiting is positive, but there is little of it. As stable family relationships have, elsewhere, been associated with desistance from crime, the contribution of conjugal visiting to these should be better researched.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2215","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,2]],"date-time":"2021-10-02T12:44:21Z","timestamp":1633178661000},"page":"343-361","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Benefits and risks of conjugal visits in prison: A systematic literature review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Vladu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5228-0823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Kalebic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jody","family":"Audley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Stevens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Sciences Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3998-6095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pamela J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Psychological Medicine and Clinical Neurosciences School of Medicine Cardiff University  Cardiff UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427808317574"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003288558906900114"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_4_1","volume-title":"Conjugal visits in prison: Psychological and social consequences","author":"Burstein J. 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