{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T17:32:50Z","timestamp":1790789570242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634947200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Various studies have demonstrated that people who do not complete sex offender treatment have higher recidivism rates than completers or untreated controls. The mechanism behind this association, however, remains unclear. One explanation is that responsivity issues are more prevalent in high\u2010risk offenders, making treatment failure and recidivism more likely, especially if treatment intensity is insufficient to match criminal needs. In addition, dropout may have a negative effect on offenders by increasing feelings of frustration or self\u2010doubt.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To retest for a link between treatment discontinuation and recidivism by sex offenders and analyse the mechanisms mediating the link between treatment discontinuation and their recidivism. We hypothesise that non\u2010completion has a negative effect on recidivism after controlling for <jats:italic>a priori<\/jats:italic> differences in risk of recidivism.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We analysed data from all sex offenders released from Bavarian prisons between 2004 and 2015 who had participated in prison\u2010based social\u2010therapeutic treatment and compared non\u2010completers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0100) to offenders ending treatment as planned (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0428). Criminal risk, offence characteristics, and treatment\u2010related propensities were measured by a comprehensive assessment instrument, including the Static\u201099. Recidivism data were obtained from Federal Official Records with an average time\u2010at\u2010risk of 9.43 years (SD\u00a0=\u00a03.29).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Treatment non\u2010completion was significantly associated with recidivism after controlling for criminal risk, offence characteristics and treatment duration. This was mainly accounted for by men who had spent at least two years in treatment before premature termination and return to an ordinary prison setting.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings aid understanding the potentially negative impact of discontinuing social\u2010therapeutic treatment for male sex offenders; termination after substantial commitment may be particularly problematic. Future research should encompass large enough sample sizes to study details behind staff or prisoner decisions to return the prisoner to ordinary prison conditions and to mitigate harms by loss of privileges.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2220","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,24]],"date-time":"2021-10-24T02:33:56Z","timestamp":1635042836000},"page":"421-435","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["When sexual offender treatment in prison\u2010based social\u2010therapeutic treatment is not completed: Relationship to risk factors and recidivism after release"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8732-6083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lena C.","family":"Carl","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University  Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Friedrich","family":"L\u00f6sel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Friedrich\u2010Alexander\u2010University  Erlangen\u2010Nuremberg Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Criminology University of Cambridge  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11194\u2010005\u20108050\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","volume-title":"The psychology of criminal conduct","author":"Bonta J.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854804270618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757\u2010019\u201000553\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/mks-2021-0142"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X19877593"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X10376160"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0735648X.2016.1246259"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10683160500151209"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063217745069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"189","volume-title":"Handbuch kriminalprognostischer verfahren","author":"Eher R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11757\u2010015\u20100348\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292\u2010018\u20109337\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101752"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X01453003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468\u20102311.2010.00635.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lcrp.12069"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1541204014555436"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809338545"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","volume-title":"Static 99: Improving actuarial risk assessments for sex offenders (User Report 1999\u201002)","author":"Hanson R. 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