{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T23:04:46Z","timestamp":1784934286116,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":98,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Research reported prevalence of post\u2010traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among prisoners varies between countries, with most studies based on Western samples. The trajectory of symptoms has also been controversial. Trauma can affect prisoners' emotions and their emotional regulation tends to be maladaptive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title><jats:p>To examine changes in PTSD and psychiatric comorbidity among prisoners in China over time and to determine whether anger and self\u2010concealment predicts later distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p>In a longitudinal, prospective study, sentenced men in one prison in China were asked to complete a demographic page and several self\u2010rating scales: the Post\u2010traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale, the General Health Questionnaire\u201028, the Clinical Anger Scale and the Self\u2010Concealment Scale at baseline and at 6 and 12\u00a0months after the initial assessment.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>More than half of the 496 participating men were diagnosed with PTSD. For those completing the scales at each evaluation, PTSD\u2010DS scores were significantly lower at baseline than at the 6\u2010month and 1\u2010year assessments. No significant differences were found between the two follow\u2010up scores. There was no significant difference in psychiatric comorbidity between the three phases. At the cross\u2010sectional level, after controlling for age and education level, PTSD, anger and self\u2010concealment were associated with psychiatric comorbidity. At the prospective level, anger predicted PTSD 6\u00a0months and 1\u00a0year later. Self\u2010concealment predicted psychiatric comorbidity over time.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Among these prisoners the prevalence of chronic PTSD was far higher than in general population estimates. Early identification of aspects of coping styles is likely to help predict disorder trajectory and inform interventions. Early signs of anger were indicative of the chronic severity of trauma reactions, while the intention to hide distress was related to other later mental health problems.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T09:30:14Z","timestamp":1661765414000},"page":"320-336","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The impact of anger and self\u2010concealment on post\u2010traumatic stress and psychiatric comorbid symptoms in Chinese prisoners: A longitudinal study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9553-7833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man Cheung","family":"Chung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Zayed University  Dubai United Arab Emirates"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuo Sheng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Law Guangzhou College of Commerce  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bu Xin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2014.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926770802403236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1951"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/nmd.0000000000000430"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22098"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15299731003783212"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291799008612"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"Psychological Assessment Resources","author":"Briere J.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191102009003002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440\u20101614.2001.00885.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2013.1137"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/j.1440\u20101614.2005.01589.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583\u2010199811000\u201000022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"37","article-title":"The study of the relationship between depressed mood and help\u2010seeking delay: The mediating effects of stigma","volume":"44","author":"Chang H.\u2010W.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Guidance and Counseling"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.2490100104"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/trm0000066"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0037112"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/ijct.2012.5.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20715"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","first-page":"293","article-title":"Self\u2010concealment and Internet addiction: Multiple mediating effect of social anxiety and loneliness","volume":"24","author":"Ding Q.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843x.109.1.45"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"401","volume-title":"Handbook of cognition and emotion","author":"Ehring T.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","first-page":"305","volume-title":"Treating PTSD in military personnel: A clinical handbook","author":"Elbogen E. B.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222407"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291720004936"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291715000884"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000258"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med:psych\/9780199914661.003.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943\u2010278x.2012.00094.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024767020280"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Screening for psychiatric illness in general practice: The general practitioner versus the screening questionnaire","volume":"37","author":"Goldberg D.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291700021644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1039856215609769"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.85.2.348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800902818771"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20461"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2005.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200701875840"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","first-page":"3826","article-title":"Victim\u2010to\u2010perpetrator process: Effect of trauma on incarcerated adult male sex offenders","volume":"57","author":"Hulnick M. J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","volume-title":"Shattered assumptions: Towards a new psychology of trauma","author":"Janoff\u2010Bulman R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Mass trauma: Impact and recovery issues","author":"Jayawickreme N.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10896\u2010012\u20109488\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","first-page":"279","volume-title":"Handbook of PTSD","author":"Keane T. M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467\u20106494.2006.00413.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1995.03950240066012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ser0000306"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260511403753"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022751"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.1990.9.4.439"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2015.34.8.705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.44.020193.000245"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","volume-title":"Stress, appraisal and coping","author":"Lazarus R. S.","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.51.1.571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2010.09.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447\u2010011\u20109129\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10447\u2010010\u20109097\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35946\/arcr.v40.1.01"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003065113516365"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2018.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843x.113.4.636"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033\u2010295x.102.2.246"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2012.667521"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2017.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2009.03.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2009.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.21914"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u2010006x.74.4.698"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10182-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021\u2010843x.95.3.274"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","first-page":"146","volume-title":"Emotion, inhibition and health","author":"Pennebaker J. W.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.162.7.1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2019.1639788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600\u20100447.1989.tb03041.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212438392"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14792779843000072"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0059236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_83_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Measuring outcome in posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"61","author":"Shalev A.","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1097\u20104679(199503)51:2<215::aid\u2010jclp2270510211>3.0.co;2\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-3824-9_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_88_1","first-page":"103","volume-title":"The (Non)Expression of emotions in health and disease","author":"Taylor G. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615800701379249"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000144694.30121.89"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024287"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2224\/sbp.2014.42.4.695"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_94_1","first-page":"431","volume-title":"Stress in the modern world: Understanding science and society","author":"Weidner K.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_95_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The posttraumatic self: Restoring meaning and wholeness to personality","author":"Wilson J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2011.08.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/jscp.2009.28.6.728"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpp.460"}],"container-title":["Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbm.2257","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cbm.2257","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cbm.2257","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T11:37:24Z","timestamp":1692617844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cbm.2257"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":98,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cbm.2257"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.2257","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0957-9664","1471-2857"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0957-9664","type":"print"},{"value":"1471-2857","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-12-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-06-23","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}