{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T04:59:07Z","timestamp":1781240347470,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777420800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Empathy deficits are linked to antisocial behaviour and low prosocial abilities. Improving capacity for empathy may help reduce aggression and support positive social engagement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To evaluate the impact of empathy training among women in prison in Iran.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Thirty female prisoners from Kermanshah Prison, Iran, volunteered to take part and were assigned to two groups. Fifteen participants received empathy training, whereas 15 served as a control group and only completed assessments. The intervention was of eight group sessions (45\u201360\u00a0min each). Standardised questionnaires were administered pre\u2010 and post\u2010intervention to assess empathy, aggression, moral identity, moral disengagement and social desirability. Gain scores for social desirability were treated as covariates in a multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>MANCOVA did not reveal statistically significant effects of empathy training. However, individual ANOVA analyses showed a significant increase in moral disengagement among the intervention group, suggesting unintended consequences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study adds to existing literature by highlighting both the challenges and risks of implementing empathy training in a prison context. Whereas results do not confirm effectiveness, at least partly because of sample size limitations, they confirm that such intervention can be implemented and evaluated safely in prison. They also show the importance of monitoring and interpreting apparent side effects. They pave the way towards larger samples and exploration of intensive interventions to foster psychological change among people in prison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.70037","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:35:08Z","timestamp":1777451708000},"page":"121-129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating the Effectiveness of Empathy Training for Women in Prison in Iran: An Exploratory Trial of an Empathy Training Group for Its Impact on Aggression, Moral Disengagement and Moral Identity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4676-3591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Azimpour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Salman Farsi University of Kazerun  Kazerun Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Ebrahimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Salman Farsi University of Kazerun  Kazerun Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Habib","family":"Hadianfard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiraz University  Shiraz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"General Mental Health and Aggression in Female Prisoners in Isfahan","volume":"3","author":"Amidi Mazaheri N.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Health Education and Health Promotion"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022\u20103514.83.6.1423"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2006.05.013"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"217","article-title":"The Ineffectiveness of Anger Management on Increasing Prosociality: An Experimental Study on Iranian Female High School Students","volume":"6","author":"Azimpour A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Iranian Evolutionary Educational Psychology Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpbs.106381"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"19","article-title":"Validation of the Measure of \u2018The self\u2010importance of Moral Identity\u2019 on University Students","volume":"3","author":"Azimpour A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Designing and Testing a Model of Important Precedents of Prosocial Behavior in Students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz","volume":"19","author":"Azimpour A.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Psychological Achievements"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","article-title":"Examining the Reliability, Factor Structure and Criterion Validity of Marlowe\u2013Crowne Social Desirability Scale","author":"Azimpour A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychological Research"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Influence of Teaching Empathy on Aggression and Social Adjustment of Girl Students","volume":"3","author":"Barzegar K.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Research in School and Virtual Learning"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nepr.2020.102739"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","first-page":"259","volume-title":"The Oxford Handbook of Prosocial Behavior","author":"Batson C. 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