{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T20:17:55Z","timestamp":1785788275592,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783382400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Criminal Behav Ment Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In the United Kingdom, the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) Pathway provides a psychologically informed pathway of services\u2014from screening to formulation to referral to treatments\/interventions\u2014for men and women whose offending is linked to their complex mental health needs. Evidence shows that individuals from most ethnic minority groups in the United Kingdom are over\u2010represented at all stages of the criminal justice system (including arrests, cautions and convictions). Such individuals may, however, be disadvantaged in terms of their access to and engagement with this specialist service.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To examine the extent to which self\u2010reported ethnicity was associated with progression through discrete stages of the OPD Pathway in London.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Linked administrative data from 8816 men who screened into the OPD Pathway from 2011 to 2022 were used to examine the association between self\u2010reported ethnicity (categorised as White, Black, Asian or mixed) and the last known recorded Pathway stage (screened\u2010in and no further work, case consultation\/formulation, referral to services, accessing service and completion).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adjusting for baseline risk, time on the OPD Pathway and London borough, we found that those who self\u2010identified as Black (compared to White) were under\u2010represented at all stages of the Pathway (compared to baseline), suggesting that these individuals tended to get \u2018stuck\u2019 at the early Pathway stages.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings add weight to suggestions of probably disproportionate disadvantage among men identifying as Black in accessing important dedicated services for offenders with personality disorder. Our data have been used to inform exploration of programme changes, and next steps will include exploration of what has driven this under\u2010representation of non\u2010White ethnic groups across the service and whether more sensitively informed strategies can improve equitable access and benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.70044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T10:17:53Z","timestamp":1783419473000},"page":"173-178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ethnicity and Pathway Progression: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Male Offenders Managed Under London Offender Personality Disorder Pathway Services"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1887-637X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxanna","family":"Short","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, IoPPN King\u2019s College London  London UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofia Turrientes","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5425-2022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip","family":"Minoudis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Darrick","family":"Jolliffe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Security and Crime Science University College London  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mandip","family":"Brar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"East London NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1421-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jake","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, IoPPN King\u2019s College London  London UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Working With People in the Criminal Justice System Showing Personality Difficulties","author":"Craissati J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Assessing Violence Risk: A Framework for Practice","author":"Farrington D. P.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"Health Service Journal.2023. \u201cHSJ Patient Safety Awards 2023: Improving Health Outcomes for Minority Ethnic Communities.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.hsj.co.uk\/hsj\u2010patient\u2010safety\u2010awards\u20102023\u2010improving\u2010health\u2010outcomes\u2010for\u2010minority\u2010ethnic\u2010communities\/7035530.article."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","volume-title":"Minority Ethnic Prisoners\u2019 Experiences of Rehabilitation and Release Planning: A Thematic Review","author":"HM Inspectorate of Prisons","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"OGRS 3: The Revised Offender Group Reconviction Scale","author":"Howard 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Justice","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","first-page":"55","volume-title":"Managing Personality Disordered Offenders: A Pathways Approach","author":"Minoudis P.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","volume-title":"Ethnic Inequalities in Improving Access to Psychological Therapies (IAPT): Full Report","author":"National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","volume-title":"The Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) Pathway: A Joint Strategy for 2023 to 2028","author":"NHS England","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","volume-title":"Ethnic Group, England and Wales: Census 2021","author":"Office for National Statistics","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02645505221093202"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470316696"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","volume-title":"The Effectiveness of Rehabilitative Services for Black, Asian, and Minority Ethnic People: A Rapid Evidence 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