{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T08:51:17Z","timestamp":1784191877836,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]],"date-time":"2014-01-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1391126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cathet Cardio Intervent"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this manuscript are two\u2010fold: (a) to describe the clinical characteristics and management of four pediatric patients with bacterial endocarditis (BE) after Melody<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> pulmonary valve implantation (MPVI); and (b) to review the literature regarding Melody<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> pulmonary valve endocarditis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>There are several reports of BE following MPVI. The clinical course, BE management and outcome remain poorly defined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This is a multi\u2010center report of four pediatric patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and BE after MPVI. Clinical presentation, echocardiogram findings, infecting organism, BE management, and follow\u2010up assessment are described. We review available literature on Melody<jats:sup>\u00ae<\/jats:sup> pulmonary valve endocarditis and discuss the prognosis and challenges in the management of these patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of our four BE patients, two had documented vegetations and three showed worsening pulmonary stenosis. All patients remain asymptomatic after medical treatment (4) and surgical prosthesis replacement (3) at follow\u2010up of 17 to 40 months. Analysis of published data shows that over half of patients undergo bioprosthesis explantation and that there is a 13% overall mortality. The most common BE pathogens are the <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Streptococcus<\/jats:italic> species.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our case series of four pediatric patients with repaired TOF confirms a risk for BE after MPVI. A high index of suspicion for BE should be observed after MPVI. All patients should be advised to follow lifelong BE prophylaxis after MPVI. In case of BE, surgery should be considered for valve dysfunction or no clinical improvement in spite of medical treatment. \u00a9 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.25375","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,9]],"date-time":"2014-01-09T05:43:06Z","timestamp":1389246186000},"page":"212-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Melody<sup>\u00ae<\/sup> pulmonary valve bacterial endocarditis: Experience in four pediatric patients and a review of the literature"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"Juan","family":"Villafa\u00f1e","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) University of Kentucky Lexington Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George Hamilton","family":"Baker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics Medical University of South Carolina Children's Hospital Charleston South Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Erle H.","family":"Austin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery University of Louisville Louisville Kentucky"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) Duke University Durham North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lynn","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology) Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto California"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"III","given":"Robert","family":"Beekman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center Cincinnati Ohio"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)02844-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.735779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq520"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"94","article-title":"Bartonella henselae endocarditis of percutaneously implanted pulmonary valve: A case report","volume":"20","author":"Atamanyuk I","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Heart Valve Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ccd.24518"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2012.01.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2012.01.052"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","article-title":"A case of life\u2010threatening Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis involving percutaneous transcatheter prosthetic pulmonary valve","author":"Bhat D","year":"2012","journal-title":"Congenit Heart Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.972216"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000348"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.112.000087"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.183095"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1185513"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcvs.2010.08.037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","first-page":"351","article-title":"Durability of bioprosthetic valves in the pulmonary position: Long\u2010term follow\u2010up of 181 implants in patients with congenital heart disease","volume":"142","author":"Lee C","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cardiovasc 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