{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T09:53:54Z","timestamp":1790502834910,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1707264000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chronic Diseases and Translational Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) account for 17.9 million deaths annually. Behavioral risk factors increase the risk of dying from\u00a0CVD. Air pollution is not included in this risk calculation since the appreciation of air pollution as a modifiable risk factor is still limited. The purpose of this study was to analyze CVD mortality attributed to air pollution in all World Health Organization\u00a0WHO member states and demonstrate the association of CVD mortality with air pollution depending on countries'\u00a0income level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CVD death rate was calculated by dividing the number of deaths by the total population. The proportion of the population with primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking was calculated as an indicator of household air pollution. The annual mean concentration of fine particulate matter \u22642.5\u2009\u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0and \u226410.0\u2009\u00b5g\/m<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\u00a0to which the population is exposed was used as an indicator of ambient air pollution.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There is a gradual increase in CVD mortality attributed to air pollution from high\u2010income countries (HICs) to low\u2010income countries (LICs). Household air pollution is the major cause of CVD mortality in LICs. Ischemic heart disease mortality attributed to ambient air pollution in all countries is higher than stroke mortality attributed to ambient air pollution. In LIC, mortality from stroke is attributed to household air pollution of 39.27\u2009\u00b1\u200914.47, which is more than twice the stroke mortality attributed to ambient air pollution at 18.60\u2009\u00b1\u20095.64, <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20097.17, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Air pollution control should be an essential component of the CVD preventive strategy, along with lifestyle modifications and effective disease management.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cdt3.116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]],"date-time":"2024-02-07T17:09:50Z","timestamp":1707325790000},"page":"247-255","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Cardiovascular disease mortality and air pollution in countries with different socioeconomic status"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2290-6367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolai","family":"Khaltaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Non\u2010Communicable Diseases Platform Global Alliance against Chronic Respiratory Diseases Geneva Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Axelrod","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Leadership and Health Management I. 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Sechenov First Moscow State University (Sechenov University) Moscow Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","volume-title":"Noncommunicable Diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","volume-title":"Hearts: Technical Package for Cardiovascular Disease Management in Primary Health Care","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","volume-title":"Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 (GBD 2019) Results","author":"Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","volume-title":"Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases 2013\u20132020","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","volume-title":"Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019\u20132023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","volume-title":"World Health Assembly Resolution WHA71.1: Thirteenth General Programme of Work, 2019\u20132023","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Transforming Our World: The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development","author":"United Nations","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Indicator 3.9.1: Mortality Rate Attributed to Household and Ambient Air Pollution (per 100 000 Population, Age\u2010Standardized)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"300","volume-title":"WHO Global Air Quality Guidelines: Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10), Ozone, Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Monoxide","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","volume-title":"Ambient (Outdoor) Air Pollution (Factsheet, Updated 2021)","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","volume-title":"Household Air Pollution","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2018.10.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","volume-title":"Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.052666"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP5204"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32008-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00378-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cdt3.34"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","volume-title":"New Country Classifications by Income Level; 2018\u20132019","author":"World Bank Data Team"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","article-title":"Air pollution and chronic airway diseases: what should people know and do?","volume":"8","author":"Xu\u2010Qin Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41533-019-0126-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.07.099"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000243586.99701.cf"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0b013e3181dbece1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030377"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2030281"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehu458"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","volume-title":"WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality: Household Fuel Combustion","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-019-0429-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002856"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa0805646"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","unstructured":"United Nation.The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. 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