{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:36:30Z","timestamp":1786977390917,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":22,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore how child sexual abuse\/exploitation (CSA\/E) self\u2010assessment tools are being used to enhance healthcare professionals' knowledge and confidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Child sexual abuse\/exploitation is common and associated with lifelong health impacts. In particular, nurses are well\u2010placed to facilitate disclosures by adult survivors of child sexual abuse\/exploitation and promote timely access to support. However, research shows that many are reluctant to enquire about abuse and feel underprepared for disclosures. Self\u2010assessment provides a participatory method for evaluating competencies and identifying areas that need improvement.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Evaluation<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Researchers adopted a realist synthesis approach, searching relevant databases for healthcare professionals' self\u2010assessment tools\/protocols relevant to adult survivors. In total, researchers reviewed 247 full\u2010text articles. Twenty\u2010five items met the criteria for data extraction, and to assess relevant contexts (C), mechanisms (M) and outcomes (O) were identified and mapped. Eight of these were included in the final synthesis based on papers that identified two key \u2018families\u2019 of abuse\u2010related self\u2010assessment interventions for healthcare contexts: PREMIS, a validated survey instrument to assess HCP knowledge, confidence and practice about domestic violence and abuse (DVA); Trauma\u2010informed practice\/care (TIP\/C) organisational self\u2010assessment protocols. Two revised programme theories were formulated: (1). Individual self\u2010assessment can promote organisational accountability; and (2). Organisational self\u2010assessment can increase the coherence and sustainability of changes in practice.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a lack of self\u2010assessment tools\/protocols designed to improve healthcare professionals' knowledge and confidence. Our review contributes to the evidence base on improving healthcare responses to CSA\/E survivors, illustrating that self\u2010assessment tools or protocols designed to improve HCP responses to adult survivors of CSA\/E remain underdeveloped and under\u2010studied. Refined programme theories developed during synthesis regarding DVA and TIP\/C\u2010related tools or protocols suggest areas for CSA\/E\u2010specific future research with stakeholders and service users.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cesm.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]],"date-time":"2025-07-23T15:48:16Z","timestamp":1753285696000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Enhancing nursing and other healthcare professionals' knowledge of childhood sexual abuse through self\u2010assessment: A realist review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8341-939X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olumide","family":"Adisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Violence and Society Centre City St George's University of London London United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3333-415X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Tyrrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Directorate of Learning and Teaching University of Suffolk Suffolk United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5672-3051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katherine","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Social Justice and Crime University of Suffolk Suffolk United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","unstructured":"AdisaO HermolleM EllisF(2023).Denial disbelief & delays: examining the costs on the NHS of delayed Child Sexual Abuse disclosures in England and Wales."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","volume-title":"Estimating the costs of child sexual abuse in the UK","author":"Saied\u2010Tessier A","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41300-023-00183-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"KarsnaK BromleyP 2024. The scale and nature of child sexual abuse: Review of evidence. Retrieved 26 Nov 2024 from:https:\/\/www.csacentre.org.uk\/research-resources\/research-evidence\/scale-nature-of-abuse\/trends-in-official-data\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JFN.0000000000000360"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","unstructured":"SmithN DogaruC EllisF. Hear Me. Believe Me. Respect Meme. believe me. respect me Focus on Survivors.2015. Retrieved 9 December 2020."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","unstructured":"BondE EllisF McCuskerJ(2018) I'll be a survivor for the rest of my life: Adult survivors of child sexual abuse and their experience of support services. Retrieved 9 December 2020 from:https:\/\/www.uos.ac.uk\/sites\/default\/files\/%E2%80%98I%E2%80%99ll%20be%20a%20survivor%20for%20the%20rest%20of%20my%20life%E2%80%99%20Report%20FINAL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6649"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7812\/TPP\/16-055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2850.2012.01939.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-3797(98)00017-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2013.03.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10775595231165335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610215001672"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2134(03)00105-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2021.105268"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","unstructured":"FisherC GoldsmithA HurcombeR SoaresC. The impacts of child sexual abuse: A rapid evidence assessment Independent Inquiry into Child Sexual Abuse.2017.https:\/\/www.iicsa.org.uk\/key-documents\/1534\/view\/iicsa-impacts-child-sexual-abuse-rapid-evidence-assessment-full-report-english.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01421590701881699"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nop2.941"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680209501013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.9.1094"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","unstructured":"Author reference(2019)Supporting more effective health service responses to survivors of violence and abuse: the impact of a self\u2010assessment tool on improving disclosures and help seeking. Realist Synthesis Protocol.https:\/\/mfr.osf.io\/render?url=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fda94u%2Fdownload"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/1355819054308530"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2008.09.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13645570600595314"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-8-63"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1099"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2017-053322"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.112687"}],"container-title":["Cochrane Evidence Synthesis and Methods"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cesm.70019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cesm.70019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cesm.70019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T14:23:42Z","timestamp":1778941422000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cesm.70019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cesm.70019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cesm.70019","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2832-9023","2832-9023"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2832-9023","type":"print"},{"value":"2832-9023","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-07-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-06","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70019"}}