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The present paper describes for the first time a fast and one\u2010step process for the preparation of stable chitosan microspheres by a simple sonochemical method. The microspheres were characterized by their particle size, surface morphology, stability, and drug\u2010entrapment efficiency. The average size of the microspheres was found to be around 1\u2005\u03bcm with a narrow size distribution, which enabled them to be used for in vivo applications. The encapsulation of different dyes into these microspheres was readily achieved with more than 75\u2009% efficacy by dissolving them into the organic phase before sonication. The chitosan microspheres demonstrated excellent stability toward acidic and basic conditions ranging from pH\u20054 to 9, thereby indicating their implementation as possible therapeutic and diagnostic agents. The stability of these microspheres appears to be contributed from intermolecular imine cross\u2010linking in addition to other noncovalent interactions. The ability of the surface\u2010exposed amino groups of chitosan microspheres to undergo chemical conjugation with potential drugs and\/or targeting vectors was determined by their reaction with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and fluorescamine followed by confocal microscopy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200901464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,11,13]],"date-time":"2009-11-13T11:57:10Z","timestamp":1258113430000},"page":"562-567","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["One\u2010Step Preparation of Multifunctional Chitosan Microspheres by a Simple Sonochemical Method"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Natalia","family":"Skirtenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tzanko","family":"Tzanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aharon","family":"Gedanken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shai","family":"Rahimipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_2","first-page":"172","volume-title":"Controlled Release of Biomaterials","author":"Heller J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6787705"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.29.1433"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(87)90207-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_5_2","first-page":"728","volume":"43","author":"Pepeljnjak S.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Pharmazie"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2005.00980.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2218494"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196408202710801"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_9_2","first-page":"498","volume":"13","author":"Scheffel U.","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. 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