{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:15:00Z","timestamp":1791929700120,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"40","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1376870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Chemistry A European J"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,27]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The tin(II) complexes {LO\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    }Sn(X) ({LO\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    }\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    =aminophenolate ancillary) containing amido (\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), chloro (\n                    <jats:bold>5<\/jats:bold>\n                    ), or lactyl (\n                    <jats:bold>6<\/jats:bold>\n                    ) coligands (X) promote the ring\u2010opening polymerization (ROP) of cyclic esters. Complex\n                    <jats:bold>6<\/jats:bold>\n                    , which models the first insertion of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010lactide, initiates the living ROP of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA on its own, but the amido derivatives\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n                    require the addition of alcohol to do so. Upon addition of one to ten equivalents of\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    PrOH, precatalysts\n                    <jats:bold>1<\/jats:bold>\n                    \u2013\n                    <jats:bold>4<\/jats:bold>\n                    promote the ROP of trimethylene carbonate (TMC); yet, hardly any activity is observed if\n                    <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010butyl (\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    )\u2010lactate is used instead of\n                    <jats:italic>i<\/jats:italic>\n                    PrOH. Strong inhibition of the reactivity of TMC is also detected for the simultaneous copolymerization of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA and TMC, or for the block copolymerization of TMC after that of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA. Experimental and computational data for the {LO\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic>x<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    }Sn(OR) complexes (OR=lactyl or lactidyl) replicating the active species during the tin(II)\u2010mediated ROP of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA demonstrate that the formation of a five\u2010membered chelate is largely favored over that of an eight\u2010membered one, and that it constitutes the resting state of the catalyst during this (co)polymerization. Comprehensive DFT calculations show that, out of the four possible monomer insertion sequences during simultaneous copolymerization of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA and TMC: 1)\u2005TMC then TMC, 2)\u2005TMC then\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA, 3)\u2005\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA then\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA, and 4)\u2005\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA then TMC, the first three are possible. By contrast, insertion of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA followed by that of TMC (i.e., insertion sequence\u20054) is endothermic by +1.1\u2005kcal\u2009mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    , which compares unfavorably with consecutive insertions of two\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA units (i.e., insertion sequence\u20053) (\u221210.2\u2005kcal\u2009mol\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). The copolymerization of\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    \u2010LA and TMC thus proceeds under thermodynamic control.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201301751","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]],"date-time":"2013-08-19T07:48:45Z","timestamp":1376898525000},"page":"13463-13478","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Heteroleptic Tin(II) Initiators for the Ring\u2010Opening (Co)Polymerization of Lactide and Trimethylene Carbonate: Mechanistic Insights from Experiments and Computations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Lingfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos E.","family":"Kefalidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sourisak","family":"Sinbandhit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Dorcet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Carpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laurent","family":"Maron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yann","family":"Sarazin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_2","unstructured":"For reviews on ROP catalytic systems see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr040002s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15583720701834133"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b819107g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c001226b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B815104K"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B810065A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0PY00204F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2013.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr940351u"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_2","volume-title":"Poly(lactic acid): Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing and Applications","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references on aluminum ROP initiators see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja990088k"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja012052"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0175789"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja038757o"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9089395"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma301130b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc32680a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201203973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references on zinc ROP initiators see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja992678o"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja003851f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0359512"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b917799j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200802128"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201002690"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references on rare\u2010earth ROP initiators see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b314030j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200603178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200603178"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200500856"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200806202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200806202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201002779"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja310003v"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references on alkaline\u2010earth ROP initiators see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B208679D"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma101263g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja2024977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0CC04348F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201103666"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201204340"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references for ROP initiators based on other metals see: for indium see reference\u2005[1h] and"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200705033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200705033"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja103841h"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja010604i"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200603944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200603944"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0470315"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja061400a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201102261"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b915211c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc13910j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_2","unstructured":"For a selection of key references on the use of Sn(Oct)2and related tin(II) systems for the ROP of cyclic esters see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma9906940"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma991181w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma991751s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma000125o"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00058971"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_2","unstructured":"P. R.Gruber J. J.Kolstad E. S.Hall R. S. EichenConn C. M.Ryan U.S. Patent 5338822 1992;"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_2","unstructured":"P. R.Gruber E. S.Hall J. J.Kolstad M. L.Iwen R. D.Benson R. L.Borchardt U.S. Patent 5258488 1993;"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.47.467"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma970631m"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_2","volume-title":"Handbook of Ring\u2010Opening Polymerization","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma3021823"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_2","unstructured":"Late studies on Sn(Oct)2\u2010catalyzed ROP by Duda et\u2005al. (see Ref.\u2005[8d]) suggested a coordination\u2013insertion ROP mechanism involving Sn(Oct)2and ROH as a nucleophilic co\u2010initiator either introduced deliberately in the reaction medium or present as a background impurity. The assumption is that the reaction of Sn(Oct)2and ROH generates \u201cSn(Oct)(OR)\u201d through a reversible equilibrium and that this latter species represents the true catalytic active species."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma011873w"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b706663e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0DT01050B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ic701671s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b812877d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2dt31678a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/b008770j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ar950029l"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_2","unstructured":"Many antecedents for such behavior exist with different catalyst systems; for leading examples see: Ca:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma800078t"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma951489x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/app.25669"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_2","unstructured":"M.H\u00e9lou S. M.Guillaume J.\u2010F.Carpentier M.Slawinski W.Gu\u00e9rin(University of Rennes\u20051 and Total Petrochemicals) Eur. Pat. Appl. 10290502.3 WO Pat. 2012038240;"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3py00397c"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_2","unstructured":"Similarly it is known that in the copolymerization of lactide and \u03b5\u2010caprolactone the latter monomer cannot be polymerized or undergoes only limited polymerization from a polylactide initiator. For leading examples see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma00011a001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/macp.1995.021960415"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pola.20735"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma061028j"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/marc.200700160"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_90_2","unstructured":"The kinetic analysis of the living and immortal ROP of cyclic esters with tin(II) initiators will be dealt with separately in forthcoming publications:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_91_2","unstructured":"L. Wang T. Roisnel M. Bochmann R.\u2005D. Cannon J.\u2010F. Carpentier Y. Sarazin unpublished results;"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_92_2","unstructured":"L. Wang V. Poirier F. Ghiotto M. Bochmann R.\u2005D. Cannon J.\u2010F. Carpentier Y. Sarazin unpublished results."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_93_2","volume-title":"Tin Chemistry: Fundamentals, Frontiers, and Applications","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C0DT01219J"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_95_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ma0603433"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200801416"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_98_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cy00507g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_99_2","unstructured":"The uncorrected values ofMn SECfor the (co)polymers obtained at the end of each experiment in Table\u20052 were 2\u20132.5 times greater than their theoretical values. This is attributed to the fact that no correction factor was applied toMn SEC(they are not known accurately for copolymers ofL\u2010LA and TMC) and perhaps also to partial decomposition of the catalyst during introduction of the second monomer batch."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_100_2","unstructured":"We have not tried here to explore whether true copolymers and if so which type of copolymers were formed during the copolymerizations ofL\u2010LA and TMC described here. Instead the sole point was to explore the reactivity of the metal complexes vis\u2010\u00e0\u2010vis these two comonomers and identify potential inhibiting effects."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_101_2","unstructured":"The use of methyl (S S)\u2010lactidate obtained by treatment ofL\u2010LA with methanol has already been implemented in our group for yet unpublished mechanistic studies with aluminum and yttrium complexes see: J.\u2005S. Klitzke PhD Thesis University of Rennes (France) and University of Porto Alegre (Brazil) 2013."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_102_2","unstructured":"A single carbonyl resonance is observed in the13C\u2005NMR spectra of compounds11and12despite the existence of two diastereomers likely due to overlapping."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_103_2","unstructured":"This simplification shall slightly favor the initiation step (as the methoxy group is less hindered than the isopropoxy group) and this may have a small impact when comparing the calculated barriers for the insertion and forthcoming propagation steps; yet this is anticipated to be quite limited."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c1py00309g"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_105_2","unstructured":"Due to the known lack of accuracy in the computation of entropic factors within the harmonic approximation it is now commonly accepted in the literature to discuss solely enthalpy profile. This allows to take temperature effects into account without encountering problems linked to the computations of the entropy. Thus in this work only enthalpy profiles are presented and discussed; yet the computed profiles for the free energy have comparable (although translated) shapes to the corresponding ones for the enthalpy."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/om2003283"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_107_2","unstructured":"Opening of the ring was also found to be determining in a very recent DFT investigation on the origin of the stereocontrol in the ROP ofrac\u2010LA mediated by aluminium salalen complexes see reference\u2005[3h]."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B300101F"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_109_2","unstructured":"For a lactidyl aluminum complex forming a five\u2010membered cationic metallacycle see:"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_110_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200601112"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/B919340E"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00829a086"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-3935(20020401)203:5\/6<889::AID-MACP889>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_114_2","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_115_2","unstructured":"SHELXS\u201097 Program for the Determination of Crystal Structures G.\u2005M. Sheldrick University of Goettingen (Germany) 1997;"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_116_2","unstructured":"SHELXL\u201097 Program for the Refinement of Crystal Structures G.\u2005M. Sheldrick University of Goettingen (Germany) 1997."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_117_2","unstructured":"Gaussian\u200509 Revision A.02 M.\u2005J. Frisch G.\u2005W. Trucks H.\u2005B. Schlegel G.\u2005E. Scuseria M.\u2005A. Robb J.\u2005R. Cheeseman G. Scalmani V. Barone B. Mennucci G.\u2005A. Petersson H. Nakatsuji M. Caricato X. Li H.\u2005P. Hratchian A.\u2005F. Izmaylov J. Bloino G. Zheng J.\u2005L. Sonnenberg M. Hada M. Ehara K. Toyota R. Fukuda J. Hasegawa M. Ishida T. Nakajima Y. Honda O. Kitao H. Nakai T. Vreven J.\u2005A. Montgomery \u2005Jr. J.\u2005E. Peralta F. Ogliaro M. Bearpark J.\u2005J. Heyd E. Brothers K.\u2005N. Kudin V.\u2005N. Staroverov R. Kobayashi J. Normand K. Raghavachari A. Rendell J.\u2005C. Burant S.\u2005S. Iyengar J. Tomasi M. Cossi N. Rega J.\u2005M. Millam M. Klene J.\u2005E. Knox J.\u2005B. Cross V. Bakken C. Adamo J. Jaramillo R. Gomperts R.\u2005E. Stratmann O. Yazyev A.\u2005J. Austin R. Cammi C. Pomelli J.\u2005W. Ochterski R.\u2005L. Martin K. Morokuma V.\u2005G. Zakrzewski G.\u2005A. Voth P. Salvador J.\u2005J. Dannenberg S. Dapprich A.\u2005D. Daniels O. Farkas J.\u2005B. Foresman J.\u2005V. Ortiz J. Cioslowski D.\u2005J. Fox Gaussian Inc. 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