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These molecules show delayed fluorescence as a result of thermal spin upconversion from the lowest triplet state to the lowest singlet state at room temperature. The three molecules showed yellow to yellowish\u2013red ECL. Remarkably, the ECL efficiencies of 4CzIPN\u2010<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>Bu in dichloromethane reached almost 40\u2009%. Moreover, stable ECL was emitted from 4CzIPN\u2010<jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>Bu and 4CzIPN\u2010Ph. In case of 4CzIPN\u2010Me, the ECL intensity decreased during voltage cycles because of polymerization. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that polymerization was inhibited by the steric hindrance of the bulky <jats:italic>tert<\/jats:italic>\u2010butyl and phenyl groups on the carbazolyl moieties and lowered the spin density on the carbazolyl groups through electron conjugation for 4CzIPN\u2010Ph.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201600077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,26]],"date-time":"2016-02-26T02:42:01Z","timestamp":1456454521000},"page":"4889-4898","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Photophysical Properties and Efficient, Stable, Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Donor\u2013Acceptor Molecules Exhibiting Thermal Spin Upconversion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Ishimatsu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomohiko","family":"Edura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chihaya","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"},{"name":"Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"},{"name":"JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project c\/o Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research, and International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koji","family":"Nakano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toshihiko","family":"Imato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering Kyushu University  744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,2,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_1_1","volume-title":"Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020373d"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr068083a"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(95)03926-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physchem.52.1.391"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-0728(91)85036-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0104(92)87024-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/j100884a030"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2614(97)00775-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja8000858"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja104160f"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja105282u"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp205621e"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja3054018"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja403166s"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201402615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.201402615"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4TC02638A"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja076033x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jp511061t"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevApplied.3.014001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"Photoluminescence of Solutions","author":"Parker C. 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