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This review systematically summarizes recent advances in fundamental principles of molecular oxygen activation, catalyst design, reaction mechanisms for key oxidative transformations, including the oxidative dehydrogenation of alkanes, the epoxidation of alkenes, ammoxidation, ammoximation, oxidative cleavage or nitridation, and the oxidative upcycling of waste plastics. The fundamental challenge of activating triplet O\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    is addressed through strategies such as altering electron transfer, chemisorption\u2010dissociation, lattice oxygen participation (Mars\u2010van Krevelen mechanism), and the formation of active oxygen complexes. By comparing catalytic systems, such as MoVNbTeO\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    for ethane ODH, Ag\/\u03b1\u2010Al\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    for ethylene epoxidation, Au\/TS\u20101 for propylene epoxidation, and emerging oxidative upcycling of plastics, we extract general principles for enhancing catalytic activity, selectivity, and stability. Future perspectives highlight the role of advanced characterization, atomic\u2010scale catalyst engineering, and process intensification in enabling the industrial implementation of aerobic oxidation technologies, ultimately contributing to a greener and circular chemical economy.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.70865","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T14:04:36Z","timestamp":1772978676000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Heterogeneous Aerobic Oxidation With Molecular Oxygen: A Versatile Platform for Sustainable Production of Oxygenates and Nitrogen\u2010Containing Chemicals"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Zhuang","family":"Zeng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Petroleum Molecular and Process Engineering SINOPEC Research Institute of Petroleum Processing Co., Ltd. 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