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Comprehensive characterization using XRD, SEM, TEM, H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010TPR, CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \/H\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010TPD, and XPS revealed that adjusting the Ga content modulates the crystal structure and surface morphology of the catalysts. An optimal Ga concentration effectively improves the surface redox properties, modifies the distribution of surface oxygen species and the local chemical environment, prevents excessive reduction of the catalyst, promotes the adsorption and activation of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , and enhances the hydrogen adsorption\/retention and spillover behavior, thereby boosting overall catalytic performance. Among the prepared catalysts, the InGaO\n                    <jats:sub>X<\/jats:sub>\n                    (4\/1) sample exhibited the highest activity, achieving a CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    conversion of 11.7% with a methanol selectivity of 71%, and a space\u2010time yield of 0.46\u00a0g\u00b7h\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u00b7g\n                    <jats:sub>cat<\/jats:sub>\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    at 300\u00b0C and 3.5\u00a0MPa. This performance is outperforms most similar catalysts, offering a promising strategy for the low\u2010cost preparation of highly active indium\u2010based catalysts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.71567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T12:10:31Z","timestamp":1786363831000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Synthesis of Highly Active InGaO\n                    <sub>X<\/sub>\n                    Solid Solution Catalysts and Their Superior Performance for CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    Hydrogenation to Methanol"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Haiwei","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Centre of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0743-4007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Centre of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haohao","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Centre of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Centre of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingxin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2375-6471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zile","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Lab of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics Chinese Academy of Sciences  Shanghai China"},{"name":"Centre of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cbe.5c00113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2025.115819"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcat.2024.115936"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Functionalizing Metal\u2010Oxo Clusters for High Selectivity CO2 to Methanol Conversion","volume":"638","author":"Lee J. 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