{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:06:43Z","timestamp":1790140003219,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790035200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry A European J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Natural dyes such as alizarin and cochineal are gaining renewed attention as sustainable alternatives to synthetic chromophores with promising nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Here, we present a systematic study of their linear and NLO responses in both solution and solid\u2010state environments. Steady\u2010state absorption and emission spectra were recorded, and excited\u2010state dynamics were analyzed using time\u2010correlated single\u2010photon counting. Absolute fluorescence quantum yields were determined with an integrating sphere. Two\u2010photon absorption cross\u2010sections were evaluated via two\u2010photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) measurements, while third harmonic generation experiments on dye\u2010doped PVA thin films enabled estimation of the effective third order NLO susceptibility \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>(3)<\/jats:sup>\n                    . The results reveal distinct structure\u2010property relationships driven by molecular rigidity and conjugation. Cochineal exhibits stronger two\u2010photon activity in solution, consistent with its extended and flexible charge\u2010transfer framework. In contrast, alizarin demonstrates a significantly enhanced third order NLO response in the solid state, with \u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>(3)<\/jats:sup>\n                    approaching nearly twice that of fused silica, attributed to its higher rigidity and matrix\u2010induced ordering. These findings emphasize the decisive role of molecular structure and solid\u2010state organization in NLO performance and highlight the potential of natural dyes for multiphoton bioimaging, optical limiting, and polymer\u2010based nonlinear photonic applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.71721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T04:42:44Z","timestamp":1790138564000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From Nature to Optical Nonlinearity: Ultrafast Photophysics of Biogenic Dyes, Alizarin, and Cochineal"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4562-0743","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leszek Mateusz","family":"Mazur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Advanced Materials Faculty of Chemistry Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology  Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateusz","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soft Matter Optics Group, Faculty of Chemistry Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology  Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-0812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Szukalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Soft Matter Optics Group, Faculty of Chemistry Wroc\u0142aw University of Science and Technology  Wroc\u0142aw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","first-page":"456","volume-title":"Color Chemistry: Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Organic\u2010Dyes and Pigments","author":"Zollinger H.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2005.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.4c00809"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adom.202502221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1GC02968A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/photonics12080779"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2006.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","first-page":"224","volume-title":"Ultrafast Intramolecular Proton Transfer Reaction of 1,2\u2010Dihydroxyanthraquinone in the Excited State","author":"Lee S.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D0CP01312A"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40494\u2010019\u20100335\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dyepig.2013.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma9100813"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0143\u20107208(02)00123\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ma11122579"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/139382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"268","volume-title":"Nonlinear Optical Properties of Organic and Polymeric Materials","author":"Badan J."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00025a003"},{"issue":"5950","key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"486","article-title":"Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy\u2014Lakowicz, JR","volume":"307","author":"Teale F. 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