{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:55:26Z","timestamp":1790668526926,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry A European J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lewis acid\u2010catalyzed hydrosilylation of carbonyl compounds was explored using cationic germanium(II) and tin(II) crown ether complexes as catalysts. Only the germanium(II) crown ether complexes were found to reduce aldehydes efficiently and selectively to one product, the symmetric ether. The scope of the reaction was explored using\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      [Ge([12]crown\u20104)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ][OTf]\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    as the catalyst revealing tolerance for a variety of functional groups, excluding those containing nitrogen. Lower conversions and less selectivity were observed in ketone hydrosilylations. The mechanism of aldehyde reduction catalyzed by\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      [Ge([12]crown\u20104)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ][OTf]\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    was probed using several experimental techniques, including the stoichiometric addition of silane and aldehyde, deuterium\u2010labelling studies, a Hammett analysis and variable time normalization analysis. The etherification of aldehydes using\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      [Ge([12]crown\u20104)\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ][OTf]\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    is believed to proceed through a carbonyl\u2010activated pathway. The active catalyst likely loses at least one crown ether ligand providing an open coordination face for the substrate(s). The reaction pathway proceeds through two distinct steps. The first is the hydrosilylation to give a coordinated silyl ether that then undergoes etherification in the second step. The open coordination face of the cationic Ge(II) species facilitates the coordination of more than one substrate\/reagent.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.71728","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:04:52Z","timestamp":1790665492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Exploring the Catalytic Activity of Ge(II) and Sn(II) Cationic Crown Ether Complexes: Hydrosilylation"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8557-6778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah L.","family":"McOnie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6371-6119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna M.","family":"Blacquiere","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6515-5749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kim M.","family":"Baines","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Western Ontario  London Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.4c05498"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3SC06452B"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D3CS00791J"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.202200071"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asia.202100038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"284","volume-title":"RSC Catalysis Series, Catalysis with Earth\u2010abundant Elements","author":"Powley S. L.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C7CS00649G"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/reactions2040028"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.9b00260"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.oprd.0c00214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201802958"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202102233"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.0c06287"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D1DT02658E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8DT05121F"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200901351"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.202404769"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/dt9860001543"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200901247"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jorganchem.2009.12.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja211135s"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201209067"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","unstructured":"Although ACN is a donor solvent and may attenuate the reactivity of the catalysts it was chosen as the solvent for the reactions shown in Table 1 because the [MCl([18]crown\u20106)][MCl3] complexes (M = Ge Sn) are insoluble in benzene."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202403356"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.202400195"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"A number of linear and cyclic siloxanes were generated through redistribution in reactions with PMDS."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8825-2","volume-title":"Donor\u2010Acceptor Approach to Molecular Interactions","author":"Gutmann V.","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Bond Dissociation Energies in Organic Compounds","author":"Luo Y.\u2010R.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202204558"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/D5CC00250H"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Metal\u2010Catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes","author":"Howard P.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acscatal.9b01408"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.5b02807"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo991828a"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201605198"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00451E"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202009736"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00855"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jo00228a031"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6643","DOI":"10.1021\/om4002796","article-title":"Silylium Ion Promoted Reduction of Imines With Hydrosilanes","volume":"32","author":"M\u00fcther K.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Organometallics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2cc34074g"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnmrs.2022.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejic.201200881"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ed048p103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/cr00002a004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC04698K"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16084","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.201609757","article-title":"Variable Time Normalization Analysis: General Graphical Elucidation of Reaction Orders From Concentration Profiles","volume":"55","author":"Bur\u00e9s J.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Angewandte Chemie International Edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","first-page":"830","volume-title":"Atkins' Physical Chemistry","author":"Atkins P.","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jacs.6b02173"}],"container-title":["Chemistry \u2013 A European Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/chem.71728","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/chem.71728","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/chem.71728","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T07:04:54Z","timestamp":1790665494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/chem.71728"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.1002\/chem.71728"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/chem.71728","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0947-6539","1521-3765"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0947-6539","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-3765","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-08-01","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-16","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-29","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71728"}}