{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:51:24Z","timestamp":1791352284221,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791244800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Chemistry A European J"],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    An earth\u2010abundant Fe\u2013Ca bimetallic catalyst was developed to drive the structural transformation of renewable cellulose into highly ordered graphitic carbon. Solid\u2010state\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C NMR T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    relaxation measurements monitored the gradual reorganization of carbon as the temperature changed. The results demonstrate a clear correlation between elevated graphitization temperatures and longer relaxation time, with the Fe\u2013Ca\u2010catalyzed biocarbon at 1800\u00b0C achieving a T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    value of 102.5 s, which closely approaches the 117.5 s threshold for commercial graphite.\n                    <jats:sup>57<\/jats:sup>\n                    Fe M\u00f6ssbauer spectroscopy revealed a highly coordinated sequential reduction mechanism, shifting from nanoscale superparamagnetic oxides at low temperatures (400\u00b0C\u2013600\u00b0C) to a reactive iron carbide intermediate at 800\u00b0C. At high temperatures (1400\u00b0C\u20131800\u00b0C), calcium serves as a vital structural modifier that prevents Fe nanoparticle sintering, thereby maintaining high metal dispersion and enabling complete deoxygenation and advanced graphitic crystallization. Although the resulting highly reduced ferromagnetic \u03b1\u2010Fe matrix induces a strong bulk magnetic susceptibility (BMS) effect, which complicates conventional carbon chemical\u2010shift identification, advanced\n                    <jats:sup>13<\/jats:sup>\n                    C T\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and Raman analyses confirm the formation of a highly ordered graphitic carbon network. This work provides profound atomic\u2010scale insights into the valorization of bio\u2010feedstocks into highly crystalline carbon materials suitable for energy storage applications, offering a sustainable alternative to fossil\u2010derived graphite.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.71773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T05:34:42Z","timestamp":1791351282000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fe\u2013Ca\u2010Catalyzed Conversion of Cellulose Into Highly Ordered Graphitic Carbon Revealed by Solid\u2010State\n                    <sup>1<\/sup>\n                    <sup>3<\/sup>\n                    C NMR and M\u00f6ssbauer Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.1002","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9408-8813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamala Gowri","family":"Krishnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"RAPSODEE CNRS UMR 5302, IMT Mines Albi Universit\u00e9 De Toulouse  Albi France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0970-4082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yannick","family":"Coppel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, UPR 8241 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9007-473X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean\u2010Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Meunier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, UPR 8241 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)  Toulouse France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1547-2567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ange","family":"Nzihou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RAPSODEE CNRS UMR 5302, IMT Mines Albi Universit\u00e9 De Toulouse  Albi France"},{"name":"Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment Princeton University  Princeton New Jersey USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"1282","article-title":"Recent Advances on Value\u2010Added Biocarbon Preparation by the Pyrolysis of Renewable and Waste Biomass, Their Structure and Properties: A Move Toward an Ecofriendly Alternative to Carbon Black","volume":"2","author":"Drupitha M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environmental Science: Advances"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586\u2010024\u201000297\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fuel.2025.135330"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cartre.2024.100336"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1039\/C7GC03457A","article-title":"Graphitization of Miscanthus Grass Biocarbon Enhanced by In Situ Generated FeCo Nanoparticles","volume":"20","author":"Major I.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.est.2023.107406"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.3390\/min15030262","article-title":"Production of Graphitic Carbon From Renewable Lignocellulosic Biomass Source","volume":"15","author":"Antil B.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Minerals"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbon.2019.05.007","article-title":"Structure Evolution Mechanism of Highly Ordered Graphite During Carbonization of Cellulose Nanocrystals","volume":"150","author":"Eom Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbon N Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1091","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.14.1.1091-1109","article-title":"Comparison of Four Technical Lignins as a Resource for Electrically Conductive Carbon Particles","volume":"14","author":"K\u00f6hnke J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4253","DOI":"10.1039\/C9GC01806A","article-title":"Are Lignin\u2010Derived Carbon Fibers Graphitic Enough?","volume":"21","author":"Sagues W. 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