{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:03:58Z","timestamp":1792782238020,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,1]],"date-time":"2021-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638316800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Investment Bank Group","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03zxry661","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The residential sector releases around 17% of global greenhouse gas emissions and making residential buildings more energy efficient can help mitigate climate change. Engineering models are often used to predict the effects of residential energy efficiency interventions (REEI) on energy consumption, but empirical studies find that these models often over-estimate the actual impact of REEI installation. Different empirical studies often estimate different impacts for the same REEI, possibly due to variations in implementation, climate and population. Funding for this systematic review was provided by the evaluation function at the European Investment Bank Group.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The review aims to assess the effectiveness of installing REEIs on the following primary outcomes: energy consumption, energy affordability, CO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      emissions and air quality indices and pollution levels.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We searched CAB Abst, Econlit, Greenfile, Repec, Academic Search Complete, WB e-lib, WoS (SCI and SSCI) and other 42 databases in November 2020. In addition, we searched for grey literature on websites, checked the reference lists of included studies and relevant reviews, used Google Scholar to identify studies citing included studies, and contacted the authors of studies for any ongoing and unpublished studies. We retrieved a total of 13,629 studies that we screened at title and abstract level, followed by full-text screening and data extraction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included randomised control trials, and quasi-experimental studies that evaluated the impact of installing REEIs anywhere in the world and with any comparison.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Collection and Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Two independent reviewers screened studies for eligibility, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. When more than one included study examined the same installation of the same type of REEI for a similar outcome, we conducted a meta-analysis. We also performed subgroup analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 16 studies were eligible and included in the review: two studies evaluated the installation of efficient lighting, three studies the installation of attic\/loft insulation, two studies the installation of efficient heat pumps, eight studies the installation of a bundle of energy efficiency measures (EEMs), and one study evaluated other EEMs. Two studies, neither appraised as having a low risk of bias, find that lighting interventions lead to a significant reduction in electricity energy consumption (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.29; 95% confidence interval [CI]: \u22120.48, \u22120.10). All the other interventions involved heating or cooling, and effects were synthesizised by warmer or colder climate and then across climates. Four studies examined the impact of attic\/loft insulation on energy consumption, and two of these studies were appraised as having a low risk of bias. Three studies took place in colder climates with gas consumption as an outcome, and one study took place in a warmer climate, with the electricity consumption (air conditioning) as the outcome. The average impact across all climates was small (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.04; 95% CI: \u22120.09, 0.01) and statistically insignificant. However, two of the studies appear to have evaluated the effect of installing small amounts (less than 75\u2009mm) of insulation. The other two studies, one of which was appraised as low risk of bias and the other involving air conditioning, found significant reductions in consumption. Two studies examined the impact of installing electric heat pumps. The average impact across studies was not statistically significant (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.11; 95% CI: \u22120.41, 0.20). However, there was substantial variation between the two studies. Replacing older pumps with more efficient versions significantly reduced electricity consumption in a colder climate (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.36; 95% CI, \u22120.57, \u22120.14) in a high risk of bias study. However, a low risk of bias study found a significant increase in electricity consumption from installing new heat pumps (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.09; 95% CI, 0.06, 0.12). Supplemental analyses in the latter study indicate that households also used the heat pumps for cooling and that the installed heat pumps most likely reduced overall energy consumption across all sources\u2014that is, households used more electricity but less gas, wood and coal. Seven studies examined bundled REEIs where the households chose which EEMs to install (in five studies the installation occurred after an energy audit that recommended which EEMs to install). Overall, the studies estimated that installing an REEI bundle is associated with a significant reduction in energy consumption (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.36; 95% CI, \u22120.52, \u22120.19). In the two low risk of bias studies, conducted with mostly low-income households, installed bundles reduced energy consumption by a statistically significant amount (Hedges'\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.16; 95% CI, \u22120.13, \u22120.18).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Authors' Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 16 included studies indicate that installing REEIs can significantly reduce energy consumption. However, the same type of REEI installed in different studies caused different effects, indicating that effects are conditional on implementation and context. Exploring causes of this variation is usually not feasible because existing research often does not clearly report the features of installed interventions. Additional high quality impact evaluations should be commissioned in more diverse contexts (only one study was conducted in either Asia or Africa\u2014both involved lighting interventions\u2014and no studies were conducted in South America or Southern Europe).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1206","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]],"date-time":"2021-12-17T08:19:14Z","timestamp":1639729154000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Residential energy efficiency interventions: A meta-analysis of effectiveness studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Berretta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joshua","family":"Furgeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue (Nicole)","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, 3ie, Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Zamawe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent consultant, 3ie, Lilongwe, Malawi"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UCL Energy Institute, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Eyers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie), London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-015-9418-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.37.1.aalb"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alberini A. Khymych O. Scasny M. (2019). The Elusive Effects Of Residential Energy Efficiency Improvements: Evidence from Ukraine. SSRN working paper.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3373720"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-2171.12190"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.04.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carranza E. Meeks R. (2016). Shedding light: Understanding energy efficiency and electricity reliability. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 7891.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-7891"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Costolanski P. Elahi R. Iimi A. Kitchlu R. (2013). Impact evaluation of free-of-charge CFL bulb distribution in Ethiopia. The World Bank Policy Research Working Paper 6383.","DOI":"10.1596\/1813-9450-6383"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_10_1","unstructured":"Grimes A. Young C. Arnold R. Denne T. Howden-Chapman P. Preval N. Telfar-Barnard L. (2011). Warming up New Zealand: Impacts of the New Zealand Insulation Fund on metered household energy use. Ministry of Economic Development. (Supplemental source)."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.37.4.agri"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.02.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39070.573032.80"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2017.04.318"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jeem.2017.09.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_16_1","unstructured":"Maher J. (2013). Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of rebate programs for residential energy-efficiency retrofits. Paper presented at the Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-012-9164-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joep.2009.05.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2017.08.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/app.20170328"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/jep.26.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.10.041"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.048462"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_8_1","unstructured":"Berretta M. Zamawe C. Ferraro P. J. Haddaway N. Minx J. Snilstveit B. Eyers J. (2021). Mapping energy efficiency interventions 3ie Evidence Gap Map Report 17. New Delhi: International Initiative for Impact Evaluation (3ie). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23846\/EGM017"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1205"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1757913910369092"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448864.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_12_1","first-page":"221","volume-title":"The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Borenstein M., Cooper H., Hedges L., Valentine J. (2009). Effect sizes for continuous data. The handbook of research synthesis and meta-analysis (2nd ed.). pp. 221\u2013235.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448864.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_14_1","volume-title":"Introduction to meta-analysis","author":"Borenstein M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Borenstein M., Hedges L. V., Higgins J. P., Rothstein H. R. (2011). Introduction to meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_15_1","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021)","author":"Boutron I.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Boutron I., Page M. J., Higgins J. P. T., Altman D. G., Lundh A., Hr\u00f3bjartsson A. (2021). Chapter 7: Considering bias and conflicts of interest among the included studies. In Higgins J. P. T., Thomas J J.., Chandler J J., Cumpston M., Li T., Page M. J., Welch V. A. (Eds.), Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.2 (updated February 2021). Cochrane. www.training.cochrane.org\/handbook"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_16_1","volume-title":"Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency","author":"Campbell N.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Campbell N., Ryan L., Rozite V., Lees E., Heffner G. (2014). Capturing the multiple benefits of energy efficiency. Paris, France: IEA."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-019-09775-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-018-9618-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_19_1","unstructured":"Davies M. Macmillan A. Bobrova Y. (n.d.). Housing energy and wellbeing. 61."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1257\/pol.6.4.207"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_21_1","unstructured":"Davis L. W. Mart\u00ednez S. Taboada B. (n.d.). How effective is energy-efficient housing? Evidence From a Field Experiment in Mexico. 55."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_23_1","unstructured":"EIA. (2019). International Energy Outlook 2019 with projections to 2050. https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/outlooks\/ieo\/pdf\/ieo2019.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_24_1","unstructured":"European Commission. (2020). A renovation wave for Europe\u2014Greening our buildings creating jobs improving lives. https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/energy\/sites\/ener\/files\/eu_renovation_wave_strategy.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_25_1","unstructured":"European Investment Bank. (2020). New EIB report\u2014Energy efficiency investments are a low priority for EU firms. https:\/\/www.eib.org\/en\/press\/all\/2020-178-new-eib-report-energy-efficiency-investments-are-a-low-priority-for-eu-firms"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_26_1","unstructured":"Eurostat. (2019). Energy consumption and use by households. (2019 June 20). https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/-\/DDN-20190620-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_27_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"How the World should invest in energy efficiency","volume":"11","author":"Farrell D.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Farrell D., Remes J. K. (2008). How the World should invest in energy efficiency. The McKinsey Quarterly, 11, 1\u2013I0.","journal-title":"The McKinsey Quarterly"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ev.297"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_29_1","unstructured":"Filippidou F. Jimenez Navarro J. P. European Commission & Joint Research Centre. (2019). Achieving the cost-effective energy transformation of Europe's buildings: Combinations of insulation and heating & cooling technologies renovations: Methods and data. https:\/\/op.europa.eu\/publication\/manifestation_identifier\/PUB_KJNA29906ENN"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-018-0227-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12325"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_32_1","volume-title":"Residential heat pumps in New Zealand","author":"French L. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"French L. J., Isaacs N. P., Camilleri M. J. T. (2009). Residential heat pumps in New Zealand. BRANZ."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_33_1","unstructured":"GABC\/IEA\/UNEP (2019) Global status report for buildings and construction. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction International Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment Programme. https:\/\/globalabc.org\/index.php\/resources\/publications"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_34_1","unstructured":"GABC\/IEA\/UNEP. (2020). GlobalABC roadmap for buildings and construction: Towards a zero-emission efficient and resilient buildings and construction sector IEA Paris. Global Alliance for Buildings and Construction International Energy Agency and the United Nations Environment Programme. https:\/\/globalabc.org\/our-work\/forging-regional-pathways-global-and-regional-roadmap"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/493475a"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/reep\/rev017"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_37_1","unstructured":"Gowrishankar V. Levin A. (2017). America's clean energy frontier: The pathway to a safer climate future. Natural Resource Defense Council Report 16-0683."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_39_1","volume-title":"Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]","author":"Higgins J. P. T.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Higgins J. P. T., Green S. (Eds.). (2011). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. The Cochrane Collaboration. www.handbook.cochrane.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448864.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_42_1","unstructured":"Hills J. (2012). Getting the measure of fuel poverty: Final report of the Fuel Poverty Review."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2008.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.a1411"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2015.09.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2016.04.075"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_47_1","unstructured":"IEA. (2020). Sustainable recovery: World energy outlook special report. In collaboration with the International Monetary Fund. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/sustainable-recovery\/buildings?utm_content=bufferfb4af%26utm_medium=social%26utm_source=twitter.com%26utm_campaign=buffer"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_48_1","unstructured":"IEA. (2019). Global status report for buildings and construction. https:\/\/www.iea.org\/reports\/global-status-report-for-buildings-and-construction-2019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_49_1","unstructured":"IPCC. (2021) Summary for policymakers. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Masson-Delmotte V. P. Zhai A. Pirani S. L. Connors C. P\u00e9an S. Berger N. Caud Y. Chen L. Goldfarb M. I. Gomis M. Huang K. Leitzell E. Lonnoy J.B.R. Matthews T. K. Maycock T. Waterfield O. Yelek\u00e7i R. Yu and B. Zhou (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_50_1","unstructured":"IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5\u00b0C. An IPCC Special Report on the impacts of global warming of 1.5\u00b0C above pre-industrial levels and related global greenhouse gas emission pathways in the context of strengthening the global response to the threat of climate change sustainable development and efforts to eradicate poverty [Masson-Delmotte V. P. Zhai H.-O. P\u00f6rtner D. Roberts J. Skea P.R. Shukla A. Pirani W. Moufouma-Okia C. P\u00e9an R. Pidcock S. Connors J.B.R. Matthews Y. Chen X. Zhou M.I. Gomis E. Lonnoy T. Maycock M. Tignor and T. Waterfield (eds.)]."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/978-1-58603-977-6-i"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroecorev.2012.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_53_1","unstructured":"J-PAL (2019). Encouraging residential energy efficiency. Policy Insight. https:\/\/www.povertyactionlab.org\/policy-insight\/encouraging-residential-energy-efficiency"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2020.109778"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41560-021-00866-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-013-0054-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-9883(00)00078-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_58_1","volume-title":"Practical meta-analysis","author":"Lipsey M. W.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Lipsey M. W., Wilson D. B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. SAGE publications, Inc."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2018.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.10.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_61_1","unstructured":"Mathiesen B. V. Drysdale D. Lund H. Paardekooper S. Ridjan I. Connolly D. Jensen J. S. (2016). Future green buildings: A key to cost-effective sustainable energy systems. Department of Development and Planning Aalborg University."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09613210903189376"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1094428106291059"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_64_1","volume-title":"How heating controls affect domestic energy demand: A rapid evidence assessment. A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change","author":"Munton A. G.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Munton A. G., Wright A. J., Mallaburn P. S., Boait P. J. (2014). How heating controls affect domestic energy demand: A rapid evidence assessment. A report to the Department of Energy and Climate Change. London: DECC."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_8_3_65_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using text mining for study identification in systematic reviews: A systematic review of current approaches","volume":"4","author":"O'Mara-Eves A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"O'Mara-Eves A., Thomas J., McNaught J., Miwa M., Ananiadou S. (2015). Using text mining for study identification in systematic reviews: A systematic review of current approaches. Systematic Reviews, 4(5), 1\u201322.","journal-title":"Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00187708"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_67_1","volume-title":"United Kingdom: Housing energy fact file","author":"Palmer J.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Palmer J., Cooper I. (2013). United Kingdom: Housing energy fact file. UK Department of Energy & Climate Change."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12438"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_69_1","unstructured":"RAND. (2020). Heat energy efficiency smart technology and health. BEIS Research Paper Number 2020\/022. RAND Europe."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_70_1","unstructured":"Russell-Bennett R. McAndrew R. Gordon R. Mulcahy R. Letheren K. (2019). Effectiveness of household energy efficiency interventions in advanced economies\u2014What works and what doesn't. Final Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2009.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su11092667"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1420326X14524586"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_74_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions","volume":"355","author":"Sterne J. A.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sterne J. A., Hern\u00e1n M. A., Reeves B. C., Savovi\u0107 J., Berkman N. D., Viswanathan M., Henry D., Altman D. G., Ansari M. T., Boutron I., Carpenter J. R., Chan A. W., Churchill R., Deeks J. J., Hr\u00f3bjartsson A., Kirkham J., J\u00fcni P., Loke Y. K., Pigott T. D., \u2026 Higgins J. P. (2016). ROBINS-I: A tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ, 355, 1\u20137.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2007.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_76_1","unstructured":"Sustainable Energy Authority of Ireland (SEAI) (2010). Residential energy roadmap to 2050."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_77_1","unstructured":"The Methods Group of the Campbell Collaboration. (2019a). Methodological expectations of Campbell Collaboration intervention reviews: Conduct standards. Campbell Policies and Guidelines Series No. 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_78_1","unstructured":"The Methods Group of the Campbell Collaboration. (2019b). Methodological expectations of Campbell Collaboration intervention reviews: Reporting standards. Campbell Policies and Guidelines Series No. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_79_1","first-page":"63","article-title":"Housing improvements for health and associated socio-economic outcomes","volume":"20","author":"Thomson H.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Thomson H., Thomas S., Sellstrom E., Petticrew M. (2013). Housing improvements for health and associated socio-economic outcomes. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 20, 63.","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_81_1","unstructured":"U.S. Energy Information Administration. (2020). Today in energy (February 27 2020). https:\/\/www.eia.gov\/todayinenergy\/detail.php?id=42975"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.08.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/10769986030003261"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1164"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7758\/9781610448864.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-013-9244-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19439342.2012.711765"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227742"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.37.4.jziv"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2_1","first-page":"55","article-title":"Experimental study on the influence of cooling water temperature and night ventilation on energy efficiency the HVAC systems","volume":"12","author":"Adam M.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Adam M., Tokar A. (2019). Experimental study on the influence of cooling water temperature and night ventilation on energy efficiency the HVAC systems. Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, and Series I: Engineering Sciences, 12, 55\u201362.","journal-title":"Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov, and Series I: Engineering Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.erss.2019.101289"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2015.10.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1097196304038368"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2005.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2017.02.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2018.11.036"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2006.048462"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/buildings8070085"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2010.512787"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-018-9688-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.08.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2012.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2171465"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2016.01.033"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14616718.2016.1248526"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_19_1","unstructured":"Daire McCoy (2017). The effects of home energy efficiency upgrades on social housing tenants: Evidence from Ireland. https:\/\/www.lse.ac.uk\/granthaminstitute\/publication\/the-effects-of-home-energy-efficiency-upgrades-on-social-housing-tenants-evidence-from-ireland\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2018.04.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_21_1","unstructured":"Energy-efficient window replacement systems. (2010) School Planning & Management 49(11) p. 61. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=a9h%26AN=55659216%26site=eds-live"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_22_1","unstructured":"Energy-efficient windows can promote learning' (2009) School Planning & Management 48(11) p. 65. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=a9h%26AN=45723288%26site=eds-live"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_23_1","first-page":"64","article-title":"Small projects, big impact","volume":"68","author":"Esswein Patricia Mertz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Esswein Patricia Mertz. (2014). Small projects, big impact. Kiplinger's Personal Finance, 68, 64\u201368.","journal-title":"Kiplinger's Personal Finance"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-018-0227-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/qje\/qjy005"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12325"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12134"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2009.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su5062827"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4075-4"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_8_4_31_1","first-page":"44","volume":"85","author":"High-performance wall system","year":"2013","unstructured":"High-performance wall system. (2013). American School & University, 85(8), 44. Accessed November 25, 2021. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=a9h%26AN=87385987%26site=eds-live","journal-title":"American School & University"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1398-9995.2000.00250.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/er.1860"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2013.10.053"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-011-0287-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_37_1","unstructured":"ICF construction improves energy efficiency and the building process. (2007). School Planning & Management. vol. 46 no. 10 p. 61. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=a9h%26AN=27393678%26site=eds-live"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_38_1","volume-title":"An analysis of direct and indirect benefits and costs of energy-efficiency attributes in residential buildings","author":"Jakob M.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Jakob M., Baur M., Ott W. (2006). An analysis of direct and indirect benefits and costs of energy-efficiency attributes in residential buildings. CEPE Center for Energy Policy and Economics, ETH Zurich."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_39_1","unstructured":"Joe M. (2013). Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of rebate programs for residential energy-efficiency retrofits. Agricultural & Applied Economics Association's 2013 AAEA & CAES Joint Annual Meeting. http:\/\/ageconsearch.umn.edu\/record\/150569\/files\/Maher_AAEA_P3319_Retrofit.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-009-9062-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_41_1","unstructured":"Joshua Graff Z. Kevin N. (2015). Upgrading efficiency and behavior: Electricity savings from residential weatherization programs."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2009.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2010.05.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_44_1","volume-title":"The rebound effect in residential electricity use: Evidence from a propensity score matching estimator","author":"Kenichi M.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kenichi M., Kenji T. (2016). The rebound effect in residential electricity use: Evidence from a propensity score matching estimator. Graduate School of Economics, Kobe University."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2012.09.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_46_1","first-page":"238","article-title":"Evaluation of heat enegry savings after renovation of a standard 5-storey residential building","author":"Kuznetsova E.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kuznetsova E. (2015). Evaluation of heat enegry savings after renovation of a standard 5-storey residential building. Metallurgical & Mining Industry, 238\u2013243.","journal-title":"Metallurgical & Mining Industry"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.estlett.6b00324"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2015.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_49_1","unstructured":"Lucas W. D. Martinez S. Taboada B. (2018). How effective is energy efficient housing? Evidence from a field experiment in Mexico: Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). pp. 1\u201355. https:\/\/publications.iadb.org\/en\/how-effective-energy-efficient-housing-evidence-field-experiment-mexico"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2010.02.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_51_1","first-page":"8","article-title":"Warm Zones uncovers 'flaws' in fuel poverty strategy","volume":"18","author":"Milne R.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Milne R. (2002). Warm Zones uncovers 'flaws' in fuel poverty strategy. Utility Week, 18, 8.","journal-title":"Utility Week"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2017.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.04.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2014.11.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10018-018-0224-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2012.01.051"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5547\/01956574.37.4.nriv"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scs.2018.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_60_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The measured impacts of building enclosure renewals on HVAC system performance and energy efficiency","volume":"120","author":"Pape-Salmon A.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pape-Salmon A., Lorne R., Brittany H. (2014). The measured impacts of building enclosure renewals on HVAC system performance and energy efficiency. ASHRAE Transactions, 120, 1\u20139.","journal-title":"ASHRAE Transactions"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2012.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1354983052000330761"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/en13184958"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enbuild.2020.109969"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_65_1","first-page":"1192","article-title":"Impact of energy efficiency interventions in public housing buildings on cold-related mortality: A case-crossover analysis","volume":"46","author":"Peralta A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Peralta A., Camprub\u00ed L., Rodr\u00edguez-Sanz M., Basaga\u00f1a X., Borrell C., Mar\u00ed-Dell'Olmo M. (2017). Impact of energy efficiency interventions in public housing buildings on cold-related mortality: A case-crossover analysis. International Journal of Epidemiology, 46, 1192\u20131201.","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ina.12438"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12053-018-09772-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2014.05.049"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jobe.2016.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_71_1","first-page":"10","article-title":"Energy efficiency through education and low-cost measures","author":"Khawaja M. S.","year":"2005","unstructured":"Khawaja M. S., Steiner Jill E. (2005). Energy efficiency through education and low-cost measures. Home Energy, 10\u201311. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=8gh%26AN=18180851%26site=eds-live","journal-title":"Home Energy"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_72_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Maintenance and efficiency of heating systems to reduce air pollution: Evaluation of a community-based campaign to change energy behaviors in an italian province","volume":"58","author":"Signorelli C.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Signorelli C., Anna O., Stefano C., Maddalena B., Marcello T., Denis G. (2016). Maintenance and efficiency of heating systems to reduce air pollution: Evaluation of a community-based campaign to change energy behaviors in an italian province. Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment, 58, 89\u201398.","journal-title":"Economics and Policy of Energy and the Environment"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_73_1","volume-title":"Estimating payback to residential energy efficiency measures: A field experiment","author":"Suter Jordan F.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Suter Jordan F., Shammin R. (2010). Estimating payback to residential energy efficiency measures: A field experiment. Agricultural and Applied Economics Association."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apenergy.2013.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.energy.2020.117578"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_8_4_76_1.1","unstructured":"The Tale of an Eco-Semi (2009) Permaculture Magazine"},{"key":"#cr-split#-e_1_3_8_4_76_1.2","unstructured":"(60) pp. 38-40. Accessed November 25 2021. https:\/\/search.ebscohost.com\/login.aspx?direct=true%26db=8gh%26AN=38216498%26site=eds-live"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.04.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000362873.43170.e4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_80_1","unstructured":"Wilson A. (2007). Alpen fiberglass windows\u2014Leading the high-performance race."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03768835022000019383"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_82_1","unstructured":"Yost P. Solomon M. (2011). High-performance exterior doors: Raising the bar."}],"container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.1206","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cl2.1206","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.1206","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T08:06:22Z","timestamp":1792742782000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cl2.1206"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"references-count":188,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cl2.1206"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.1206","relation":{},"ISSN":["1891-1803","1891-1803"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1891-1803","type":"print"},{"value":"1891-1803","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"article-number":"cl2.1206"}}