{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:15:18Z","timestamp":1788164118610,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]],"date-time":"2023-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687392000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"UKRI\/ESRC Covid-19 Research Funding"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has resulted in illness, deaths and societal disruption on a global scale. Societies have implemented various control measures to reduce transmission of the virus and mitigate its impact. Individual behavioural changes are crucial to the successful implementation of these measures. Common recommended measures to limit risk of infection include frequent handwashing, reducing the frequency of social interactions and the use of face coverings. It is important to identify those factors that can predict the uptake and maintenance of these protective behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to identify and map the existing evidence (published and unpublished) on psychological and psychosocial factors that determine uptake and adherence to behaviours aimed at reducing the risk of infection or transmission of COVID-19.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our extensive search included electronic databases (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912), web searches, conference proceedings, government reports, other repositories including both published peer reviewed, pre-prints and grey literature. The search strategy was built around three concepts of interest including (1) context (terms relating to COVID-19), (2) behaviours of interest and (3) terms related to psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health-Related Behaviours and adherence or compliance with recommended behaviours, to capture both malleable and non-malleable determinants (i.e. determinants that could be changed and those that could not).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) includes all types of studies examining determinants of common recommended behaviours aimed at mitigating human-to-human spread of COVID-19. All potential malleable and non-malleable determinants of one or more behaviours are included in the map. As part of the mapping process, categories are used to group determinants. The mapping categories were based on a previous rapid review by Hanratty 2021. These include: \u2018behaviour\u2019, \u2018cognition\u2019, \u2018demographics\u2019, \u2018disease\u2019, \u2018emotions\u2019, \u2018health status\u2019, \u2018information\u2019, \u2018intervention\u2019, and \u2018knowledge\u2019. Those not suitable for categorisation in any of these groups are included in the map as \u2018other\u2019 determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Collection and Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Results were imported to a bibliographic reference manager where duplications of identical studies gathered from multiple sources were removed.\u202fData extraction procedures were managed in EPPI-Reviewer software. Information on study type, population, behaviours measured and determinants measured were extracted. We appraised the methodological quality of systematic reviews with AMSTAR-2. We did not appraise the quality of primary studies in this map.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      As of 1 June 2022 the EGM includes 1034 records reporting on 860 cross-sectional, 68 longitudinal, 78 qualitative, 25 reviews, 62 interventional, and 39 other studies (e.g., mixed-methods approaches). The map includes studies that measured social distancing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009487), masks and face coverings (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009382), handwashing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009308), physical distancing (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009177), isolation\/quarantine (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009157), respiratory hygiene\/etiquette (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200975), cleaning surfaces (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200959), and avoiding touching the T-zone (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200948). There were 333 studies that assessed composite measures of two or more behaviours. The largest cluster of determinants was \u2018demographics\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009730 studies), followed by \u2018cognition\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009496 studies) and determinants categorised as \u2018other\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009447). These included factors such as \u2018beliefs\u2019, \u2018culture\u2019 and \u2018access to resources\u2019. Less evidence is available for some determinants such as \u2018interventions\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200999 studies), \u2018information\u2019 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009101 studies), and \u2018behaviour\u2019 (149 studies).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Authors' Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This EGM provides a valuable resource for researchers, policy-makers and the public to access the available evidence on the determinants of various COVID-19 health-related behaviours. The map can also be used to help guide research commissioning, by evidence synthesis teams and evidence intermediaries to inform policy during the ongoing pandemic and potential future outbreaks of COVID-19 or other respiratory infections. Evidence included in the map will be explored further through a series of systematic reviews examining the strength of the associations between malleable determinants and the uptake and maintenance of individual protective behaviours.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1336","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,24]],"date-time":"2023-06-24T15:53:21Z","timestamp":1687622001000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Psychological and psychosocial determinants of COVID Health Related Behaviours (COHeRe): An evidence and gap map"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hanratty","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Effective Services, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"Keenan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Campbell UK &amp; Ireland, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean R.","family":"O'Connor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Leonard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Chi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cochrane Global Ageing, Shanghai, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"},{"name":"Applied Behaviour Research Clinic, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ariana","family":"Axiaq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Education, Social Sciences and Social Work, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Declan","family":"Bradley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Dempster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/21415"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00827-7"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_5_2_2_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"The COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing in Nigeria: Ignorance or defiance","volume":"35","author":"Agusi Ebere R.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Agusi Ebere R., Ifynneke I. 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