{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:16:41Z","timestamp":1788164201013,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":267,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1713657600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Centre for Homelessness Impact"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Homelessness is a traumatic experience, and can have a devastating effect on those experiencing it. People who are homeless often face significant barriers when accessing public services, and have often experienced adverse childhood events, extreme social disadvantage, physical, emotional and sexual abuse, neglect, low self-esteem, poor physical and mental health, and much lower life expectancy compared to the general population. Rates of problematic substance use are disproportionately high, with many using drugs and alcohol to deal with the stress of living on the street, to keep warm, or to block out memories of previous abuse or trauma. Substance dependency can also create barriers to successful transition to stable housing.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To understand the effectiveness of different substance use interventions for adults experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The primary source of studies for was the 4th edition of the Homelessness Effectiveness Studies Evidence and Gaps Maps (EGM). Searches for the EGM were completed in September 2021. Other potential studies were identified through a call for grey evidence, hand-searching key journals, and unpacking relevant systematic reviews.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eligible studies were impact evaluations that involved some comparison group. We included studies that tested the effectiveness of substance use interventions, and measured substance use outcomes, for adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Collection and Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Descriptive characteristics and statistical information in included studies were coded and checked by at least two members of the review team. Studies selected for the review were assessed for confidence in the findings. Standardised effect sizes were calculated and, if a study did not provide sufficient raw data for the calculation of an effect size, author(s) were contacted to obtain these data. We used random-effects meta-analysis and robust-variance estimation procedures to synthesise effect sizes. If a study included multiple effects, we carried out a critical assessment to determine (even if only theoretically) whether the effects are likely to be dependent. Where dependent effects were identified, we used robust variance estimation to determine whether we can account for these. Where effect sizes were converted from a binary to continuous measure (or vice versa), we undertook a sensitivity analysis by running an additional analysis with these studies omitted. We also assessed the sensitivity of results to inclusion of non-randomised studies and studies classified as low confidence in findings. All included an assessment of statistical heterogeneity. Finally, we undertook analysis to assess whether publication bias was likely to be a factor in our findings. For those studies that we were unable to include in meta-analysis, we have provided a narrative synthesis of the study and its findings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 48 individual papers covering 34 unique studies. The studies covered 15, 255 participants, with all but one of the studies being from the United States and Canada. Most papers were rated as low confidence (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200925, or 52%). By far the most common reason for studies being rated as low confidence was high rates of attrition and\/or differential attrition of study participants, that fell below the What Works Clearinghouse liberal attrition standard. Eleven of the included studies were rated as medium confidence and 12 studies as high confidence. The interventions included in our analysis were more effective in reducing substance use than treatment as usual, with an overall effect size of \u20130.11\u2009SD (95% confidence interval [CI], \u22120.27, 0.05). There was substantial heterogeneity across studies, and the results were sensitive to the removal of low confidence studies (\u22120.21\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.59, 0.17] \u2212 6 studies, 17 effect sizes), the removal of quasi-experimental studies (\u22120.14\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.30, 0.02] \u2212 14 studies, 41 effect sizes) and the removal of studies where an effect size had been converted from a binary to a continuous outcome (\u22120.08\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.31, 0.15] \u2212 10 studies, 31 effect sizes). This suggests that the findings are sensitive to the inclusion of lower quality studies, although unusually the average effect increases when we removed low confidence studies. The average effect for abstinence-based interventions compared to treatment-as-usual (TAU) service provision was \u20130.28\u2009SD (95% CI, \u22120.65, 0.09) (6 studies, 15 effect sizes), and for harm reduction interventions compared to a TAU service provision is close to 0 at 0.03\u2009SD (95% CI, \u22120.08, 0.14) (9 studies, 30 effect sizes). The confidence intervals for both estimates are wide and crossing zero. For both, the comparison groups are primarily abstinence-based, with the exception of two studies where the comparison group condition was unclear. We found that both Assertative Community Treatment and Intensive Case Management were no better than treatment as usual, with average effect on substance use of 0.03\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.07, 0.13] and \u20130.47\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.72, \u22120.21] 0.05\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.28, 0.39] respectively. These findings are consistent with wider research, and it is important to note that we only examined the effect on substance use outcomes (these interventions can be effective in terms of other outcomes). We found that CM interventions can be effective in reducing substance use compared to treatment as usual, with an average effect of \u20130.47\u2009SD, 95% CI (\u22120.72, \u22120.21). All of these results need to be considered in light of the quality of the underlying evidence. There were six further interventions where we undertook narrative synthesis. These syntheses suggest that Group Work, Harm Reduction Psychotherapy, and Therapeutic Communities are effective in reducing substance use, with mixed results found for Motivational Interviewing and Talking Therapies (including Cognitive Behavioural Therapy). The narrative synthesis suggested that Residential Rehabilitation was no better than treatment as usual in terms of reducing substance use for our population of interest.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Authors' Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Although our analysis of harm reduction versus treatment as usual, abstinence versus treatment as usual, and harm reduction versus abstinence suggests that these different approaches make little real difference to the outcomes achieved in comparison to treatment as usual. The findings suggest that some individual interventions are more effective than others. The overall low quality of the primary studies suggests that further primary impact research could be beneficial.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]],"date-time":"2024-04-21T07:53:00Z","timestamp":1713685980000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["The effectiveness of abstinence-based and harm reduction-based interventions in reducing problematic substance use in adults who are experiencing homelessness in high income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis: A systematic review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chris","family":"O'Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rob","family":"Ralphs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Stevenson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant, Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan","family":"Harrison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zsolt","family":"Kiss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZK Analytics, Oxford, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201400587"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7492-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_4_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_06"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_5_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_07"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_6_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2017.1319586"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_7_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4682"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_8_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22291"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_9_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_10_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30489-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_11_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199801000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_12_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.57.2.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_13_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-008-0170-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_14_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_15_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1682\/JRRD.2010.10.0195"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_16_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9251-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_17_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_18_2_2_1","unstructured":"Jain S. Laksminarayanan M. Mantri S. Singh S. White H. (2023). The effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of people experiencing homelessness: An updated evidence and gap map. Impact C. f. H."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_19_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.938"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_20_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_21_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr057"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_22_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00210-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_23_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_24_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_25_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007146"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_26_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_27_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01286-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_28_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)80008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_29_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.619"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_30_2_2_1","first-page":"1005","article-title":"Experimental comparison of the effects of 3 treatment programs for homeless mentally-ill people","volume":"43","author":"Morse G. A.","year":"1992","unstructured":"Morse G. A., Calsyn R. J., Allen G., Tempelhoff B., Smith R. (1992). Experimental comparison of the effects of 3 treatment programs for homeless mentally-ill people. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 43(10), 1005\u20131010.","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_31_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.48.4.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_32_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-006-9050-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_33_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260802072065"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_34_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-015-9236-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_35_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000249"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_36_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201000229"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_37_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_38_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.60.9.940"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_39_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(99)00089-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_40_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.2.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_41_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3123-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_42_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_43_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13011"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_44_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0168745"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_45_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_01"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_46_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_09"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_47_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_48_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0130281"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_49_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3768-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_50_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(19)30371-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_51_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000570"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_52_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S2045796020000785"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_53_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_54_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_55_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_56_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126498"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_57_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260903359015"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_58_2_2_1","unstructured":"Wilson D. B. (2019). Effect size calculator. https:\/\/campbellcollaboration.org\/escalc\/html\/EffectSizeCalculator-Home.php"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_2_59_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White H. Saran A. Verma A. Verma K. (2020). The effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of those experiencing and at risk of homelessness: An updated evidence and gap map.","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1069"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13651"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Aldridge S. (2019). Impact evaluation of the rough sleeping initiative. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_4_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102758"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_5_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2012.694602"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_6_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02519237"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_7_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506001102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_8_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30055-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_9_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.21.4.582"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_10_2_2_1","unstructured":"Ballard C.\u00a0(2002).\u00a0Counseling outcome research: The use of the Addiction Severity Index in a homeless population [Thesis. PhD Counselling]."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_11_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.4.529"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_12_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.643985"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_13_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2011.01350.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_14_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12788\/jhm.3138"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_15_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12258"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_16_2_2_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Introducing the\u00a0Housing First\u00a0model in Spain: First results of the habitat programme","volume":"10","author":"Bernad R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bernad R., Yunca R. (2016). Introducing the\u00a0Housing First\u00a0model in Spain: First results of the habitat programme. European Journal of Homelessness, 10(1), 53\u201382.","journal-title":"European Journal of Homelessness"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_17_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000170402.35730.ea"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_18_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2010.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_19_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-018-9589-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_20_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.2.258"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_21_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/106342669400200404"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_22_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.nmd.0000252313.49043.f2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_23_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201900260"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_24_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.119.016896"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_25_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.4682"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_26_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.54.1.78"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_27_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.102641"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_28_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-020-00452-8"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_29_2_2_1","first-page":"83","article-title":"The Italian network for implementing the \u2018housing first\u2019 approach","volume":"10","author":"Consoli T.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Consoli T., Cortese C., Molinari P., Zenarolla A. (2016). The Italian network for implementing the \u2018housing first\u2019 approach. European Journal of Homelessness, 10(1), 83\u201398.","journal-title":"European Journal of Homelessness"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_30_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1998.59.523"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_31_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390317746726"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_32_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13762"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_33_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12150"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_34_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agaa052"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_35_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0080330"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_36_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001284"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_37_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_38_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/TU92-LX8W-G7FD-9LEM"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_39_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181beac52"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_40_2_2_1","unstructured":"Gesmond T. (2017).\u00a0The impact of Housing First on financial poverty and the take-up of income support: Evidence from a French randomized controlled trial. Report."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_41_2_2_1","first-page":"273","article-title":"Does substance use compromise depression treatment in persons with HIV? Findings from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"29","author":"Grelottia D. J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Grelottia D. J., Grelotti D. J., Hammer G. P., Dilley J. W., Karasic D. H., Sorensen J. L., Bangsberg D. R., Tsai A. C. (2017). Does substance use compromise depression treatment in persons with HIV? Findings from a randomized controlled trial. Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids\/Hiv, 29(3), 273\u2013279.","journal-title":"Aids Care-Psychological and Socio-Medical Aspects of Aids\/Hiv"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_42_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.723"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_43_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1449049"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_44_2_2_1","unstructured":"Hatcher S. (2018). Protocol for a Feasibility Study of Narrative Exposure Therapy in Homeless Individuals With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Website."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_45_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14188"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_46_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.47.7.731"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_47_2_2_1","first-page":"1076","article-title":"Health status, quality of life, residential stability, substance use, and health care utilization among adults applying to a supportive housing program","volume":"88","author":"Hwang S. W.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hwang S. W., Gogosis E., Chambers C., Dunn J. R., Hoch J. S., Aubry T. (2011). Health status, quality of life, residential stability, substance use, and health care utilization among adults applying to a supportive housing program. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 88(6), 1076\u20131090.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_48_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13724"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_49_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08897077.2018.1437500"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_50_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504260802066950"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_51_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.7.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_52_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-016-0052-y"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_53_2_2_1","first-page":"515","article-title":"Effectiveness of housing first for homeless adults with mental illness who frequently use emergency departments in a multisite randomized controlled trial. administration and policy in mental health and mental","volume":"47","author":"Kerman N.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerman N., Aubry T., Adair C. E., Distasio J., Latimer E., Somers J., Stergiopoulos V. (2020). Effectiveness of housing first for homeless adults with mental illness who frequently use emergency departments in a multisite randomized controlled trial. administration and policy in mental health and mental. Health Services Research, 47(4), 515\u2013525.","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_54_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000163652.91463.b4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_55_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v17n01_04"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_56_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_57_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2008.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_58_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J079v21n01_04"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_59_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201500461"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_60_2_2_1","article-title":"Housing First for homeless youth with mental illness: Analysis from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"55","author":"Kozloff N.","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kozloff N., Stergiopoulos V., Cheung A., Goering P. N. (2016). Housing First for homeless youth with mental illness: Analysis from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(10),\u00a0S149.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_61_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14991"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_62_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9556975.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_63_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716220987220"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_64_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14941"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_65_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.414"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_66_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9778\/cmajo.20170018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_67_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.202000029"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_68_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J020V10N03_07"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_69_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckz185.086"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_70_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094500"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_71_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20239"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_72_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1475-6773.12849"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_73_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.15116"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_74_2_2_1","first-page":"40","article-title":"Housing the homeless mentally-ill \u2013 A\u00a0longitudinal-study of a treatment approach","volume":"39","author":"Lipton F. R.","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lipton F. R., Nutt S., Sabatini A. (1988). Housing the homeless mentally-ill \u2013 A\u00a0longitudinal-study of a treatment approach. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 39(1), 40\u201345.","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_75_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.51.4.479"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_76_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-01337-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_77_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-020-00433-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_78_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000273"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_79_2_2_1","first-page":"459","article-title":"A comparison of treatment outcomes among chronically homelessness adults receiving comprehensive housing and health care services versus usual local care. administration and policy in mental health and mental","volume":"38","author":"Mares A. S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mares A. S., Rosenheck R. A. (2011). A comparison of treatment outcomes among chronically homelessness adults receiving comprehensive housing and health care services versus usual local care. administration and policy in mental health and mental. Health Services Research, 38(6), 459\u2013475.","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_80_2_2_1","first-page":"S316","article-title":"SmokefreeTXT for homeless smokers: A pilot RCT\u00a0with a mixed-methods analysis","volume":"32","author":"McGlave C.","year":"2017","unstructured":"McGlave C., Kruse G. R., Yaqubi A., Chang Y. C., Rigotti N. A., Baggett T. P. (2017). SmokefreeTXT for homeless smokers: A pilot RCT\u00a0with a mixed-methods analysis. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 32, S316\u2013S317.","journal-title":"Journal of General Internal Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_81_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-009-0210-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_82_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.11.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_83_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.039743"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_84_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.152975"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_85_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0990-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_86_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.48.4.497"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_87_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09638237.2017.1340617"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_88_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-012-9490-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_89_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.49.1.68"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_90_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.1041"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_91_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1521-0391.2012.00288.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_92_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-014-9792-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_93_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010581"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_94_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014921"},{"issue":"23","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_95_2_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Population-tailored care for homeless veterans and acute care use, cost, and satisfaction: A prospective quasi-experimental trial","volume":"15","author":"O'Toole T. P.","year":"2018","unstructured":"O'Toole T. P., Johnson E. E., Borgia M., Noack A., Yoon J., Gehlert E., Lo J. (2018). Population-tailored care for homeless veterans and acute care use, cost, and satisfaction: A prospective quasi-experimental trial. Preventing Chronic Disease, 15(E23), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Preventing Chronic Disease"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_96_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9401800203"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_97_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14379"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_98_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731505282593"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_99_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9283-7"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_100_2_2_1","first-page":"912","article-title":"Housing as an intervention on hospital use: Access among chronically homeless persons with disabilities","volume":"87","author":"Parker D.","year":"2010","unstructured":"Parker D. (2010). Housing as an intervention on hospital use: Access among chronically homeless persons with disabilities. Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 87(6), 912\u2013919.","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health-Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_101_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.03.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_102_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-019-0332-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_103_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20303"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_104_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_105_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000235"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_106_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674371506000902"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_107_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_108_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2008.59.11.1307"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_109_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193945916658861"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_110_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2004.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_111_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120004184"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_112_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.3.325"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_113_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024697706033"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_114_2_2_1","first-page":"313","article-title":"Outcomes from a therapeutic community for homeless addicted mothers and their children. administration and policy in mental health and mental","volume":"31","author":"Sacks S.","year":"2004","unstructured":"Sacks S., Sacks J. Y., McKendrick K., Pearson F. S., Banks S., Harle M. (2004). Outcomes from a therapeutic community for homeless addicted mothers and their children. administration and policy in mental health and mental. Health Services Research, 31(4), 313\u2013338.","journal-title":"Health Services Research"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_115_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.12m08331"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_116_2_2_1","unstructured":"Santa Maria D. (2019). Development and piloting of a just-in-time personalized HIV prevention intervention for youth experiencing homelessness and unstable housing. Website."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_117_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mlr.0000204052.95507.5c"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_118_2_2_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"KNolan. costs and effectiveness of substance abuse treatments for homeless persons","volume":"5","author":"Schumacher J.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schumacher J., Mennemeyer S. T., Milby J. B., Wallace D. (2002). KNolan. costs and effectiveness of substance abuse treatments for homeless persons. Journal of Health Policy Economics, 5(1), 33\u201342.","journal-title":"Journal of Health Policy Economics"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_119_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.5.823"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_120_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2007.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_121_2_2_1","unstructured":"Slesnick N. Prestopnik J. Meyers R. (2005).\u00a0Outcome of CRA with Homeless Adolescents: Preliminary findings. 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_122_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_123_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475-6773.2007.00755.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_124_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_125_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_126_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2018.1506195"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_127_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300867"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_128_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-007-0093-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_129_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14737"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_130_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718772539"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_131_2_2_1","unstructured":"Stockwell T. Pauly B. Chow C. Vallance K. Perkin K. Evaluation of a Managed Alcohol Program in Vancouver BC: Early Findings and Reflections on Alcohol Harm Reduction. Report 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_132_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.3.476"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_133_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020460"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_134_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300320"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_135_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-020-00201-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_136_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00227-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_137_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13928"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_138_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2254-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_139_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201000549"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_140_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0031051"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_141_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9643-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_142_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000424"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_143_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_144_2_2_1","unstructured":""},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_145_2_2_1","unstructured":"ACMD. (2019). Advisory council on the misuse of drugs report into drug related harms in homeless populations. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_146_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31869-X"},{"issue":"135","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_147_2_2_1","first-page":"567","article-title":"Depression and stress in street youth","volume":"34","author":"Ayerst S. L.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ayerst S. L. (1999). Depression and stress in street youth. Adolescence, 34(135), 567\u2013575.","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_148_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0075"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_149_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_150_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.12"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_151_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2017.1344957"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_152_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/geoj.12358"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_153_2_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Reconsidering gender in homelessness","volume":"11","author":"Bretherton J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bretherton J. (2017). Reconsidering gender in homelessness. European Journal of Homelessness, 11(1), 1\u201321.","journal-title":"European Journal of Homelessness"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_154_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0030886"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_155_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-0356-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_156_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-7795.2006.00499.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_157_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.s2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_158_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2013.301491"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_159_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-014-7495-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_160_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2020.102771"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_161_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2018.1556784"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_162_2_2_1","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. (2021).\u00a0European drug report. Report 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_163_2_2_1","unstructured":"Feantsa. (2022).\u00a0FAQs on homelessness in the European Union. Website."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_164_2_2_1","unstructured":"Fountain J. Howes S. (2002).\u00a0Home and dry? Homelessness and substance use in London. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_165_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1078390310393509"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_166_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19371918.2022.2026268"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_167_2_2_1","first-page":"357","volume-title":"Stochastically\u00a0dependent effect sizes","author":"Gleser L. J.","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gleser L. J., Olkin I. (2009). Stochastically\u00a0dependent effect sizes (pp. 357\u2013376)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_168_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2017.1399659"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_169_2_2_1","unstructured":"Higgins J. P. T. Thomas J. Chandler J. Cumpston M. Li T. Page M. J. Welch V. A. (2022).\u00a0Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions version 6.3. Cochrane."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_170_2_2_1","unstructured":"Homeless Link. (2014). The unhealthy state of homelessness: Health audit results 2014. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_171_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1103"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_172_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/09687639809034088"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_173_2_2_1","first-page":"115","article-title":"Drug use among the young homeless: Coping through self-medication. health \u2013 An interdisciplinary journal for the social study of health","volume":"2","author":"Klee H.","year":"1998","unstructured":"Klee H., Reid P. (1998b). Drug use among the young homeless: Coping through self-medication. health \u2013 An interdisciplinary journal for the social study of health. Illness and Medicine, 2(2), 115\u2013134.","journal-title":"Illness and Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_174_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4073\/cmg.2016.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_175_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31959-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_176_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016837231886"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_177_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227298"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_178_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_179_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2206.2010.00753.x"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_180_2_2_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"Women negotiating power and control as they \u2018Journey\u2019 through homelessness: A feminist poststructuralist perspective","volume":"14","author":"Mayock P.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayock P., Sheridan S. (2020). Women negotiating power and control as they \u2018Journey\u2019 through homelessness: A feminist poststructuralist perspective. European Journal of Homelessness, 14(2), 17\u201347.","journal-title":"European Journal of Homelessness"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_181_2_2_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Housing Communities and Local Government. (2020).\u00a0Rough sleeper snapshot Autumn. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_182_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2021.1900129"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_183_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1154"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_184_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_185_2_2_1","unstructured":"Museum of Homelessness. (2022).\u00a0News \u2013 Museum of Homelessness honours the 1286 people experiencing homelessness who died in 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_186_2_2_1","unstructured":"National Alliance to End Homelessness. (2022).\u00a0State of Homelessness 2022 edition. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_187_2_2_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Addressing the opioid epidemic how the opioid crisis affects homeless populations","author":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Health Care for the Homeless Council. (2017). Addressing the opioid epidemic how the opioid crisis affects homeless populations (pp. 1\u20135)."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_188_2_2_1","unstructured":"New Zealand Drug Foundation. (2018). Synthetic cannabinoid crisis. Website."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_189_2_2_1","unstructured":"O'Leary C. (2004). Supporting people benefits realisation. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_190_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2020.1849573"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_191_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1246"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_192_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"OECD. (2020).\u00a0Better data and policies to fight homelessness in the OECD. Policy Brief on Affordable Housing.","DOI":"10.1787\/cd00e977-en"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_193_2_2_1","unstructured":"Office of Health Improvement and Disparities. (2021).\u00a0Adult substance misuse treatment statistics 2020 to 2021: Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_194_2_2_1","unstructured":"Office of National Statistics. (2020).\u00a0Deaths of homeless people in England and Wales Statistical bulletins. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_195_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000496742"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_196_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0034654319877153"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_197_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_198_2_2_1","unstructured":"Shelter. (2021).\u00a0Homelessness in England: The numbers behind the story. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_199_2_2_1","unstructured":"Singh S. White H. (2022).\u00a0Studies of the effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of those experiencing or at risk of homelessness: An evidence and gap map (4th edition). Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_200_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J465v25n03_02"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_201_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260903900407"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_202_2_2_1","volume-title":"Housing first: The pathways model to end homelessness for people with mental illness and addiction manual","author":"Tsemberis S.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsemberis S. (2011). Housing first: The pathways model to end homelessness for people with mental illness and addiction manual. Hazelden Information & Educational Services."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_203_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_204_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/2156857X.2018.1520739"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_205_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-14-135"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_206_2_2_1","unstructured":"White H. (2018). Evidence and Gap Maps on Homelessness. A launch pad for strategic evidence production and use. Report."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_207_2_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"PROTOCOL: Studies of the effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of those affected by, and at risk of,homelessness in high income countries: An evidence and gap map","volume":"16","author":"White H.","year":"2019","unstructured":"White H., Saran A., Fowler B., Portes A., Fitzpatrick S., Teixeira L. (2019). PROTOCOL: Studies of the effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of those affected by, and at risk of,homelessness in high income countries: An evidence and gap map. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 16(1), 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Campbell Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_208_2_2_1","unstructured":"White H. Narayanan M. (2021). Why interventions to improve the welfare of people experiencing homelessness or at risk work or not: An updated evidence and gap map. Report."},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_209_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176279"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_3_210_2_2_1","unstructured":"World Bank. High income countries. https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/XD"}],"container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.1396","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cl2.1396","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.1396","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T07:41:14Z","timestamp":1788162074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cl2.1396"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"references-count":267,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cl2.1396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.1396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1891-1803","1891-1803"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1891-1803","type":"print"},{"value":"1891-1803","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,21]]},"article-number":"cl2.1396"}}