{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T08:13:55Z","timestamp":1788164035558,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000272","name":"National Institute for Health Research, UK","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["133287"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["133287"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000272","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries often also face issues of problematic substance use, mental ill health, in addition to housing instability, so it is important to understand what interventions might help address these issues. While there is growing evidence of the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for the general population, limited evidence exists specifically for those experiencing homelessness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To summarise the existing evidence of whether psychosocial interventions work in reducing problematic substance use, mental ill health, and housing instability for adults experiencing homelessness in high income countries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Search Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We used searches undertaken for the Homelessness Effectiveness Evidence and Gap Map (EGM) 5th edition. These were supplemented with hand searches of key journals and a call for evidence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Selection Criteria<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included all Randomised Control Trials and non-randomised studies where a comparison group was used and which examined psychosocial interventiONS for adults experiencing homelessness. \u2018Psychosocial intervention\u2019 is a broad term and covers several interventions, including cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), contingency management, and motivational interviewing. We focused on studies that measure at least one of three outcomes: reduction in problematic substance use (alcohol and\/or drugs); reduction in mental ill-health; reduction in housing instability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Data Collection and Analysis<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>For included studies sourced from the EGM, we used the risk of bias assessments reported in the EGM. For included studies sourced from our own searches, we used the same tools used in the EGM to undertake our own assessments. We carried out meta-analysis where possible, and where not possible, presented included studies narratively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We included 26 papers covering 23 individual intervention studies. All of the included studies were from the United States. Of the 26 papers, 14 were assessed as having medium or high risk of bias, with main issues being lack of masking\/blinding, lack of power calculations, and high levels of drop-out.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Effectiveness of Psychosocial Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found that psychosocial interventions overall were better than standard care (\u22120.25\u2009SD, 95% confidence intervals [CI] [\u22120.36, \u22120.13]). This finding covered six different interventions and was subject to a high level of between-study differences (heterogeneity). We also found that psychosocial interventions were more effective than standard care in relation to all three of our outcomes of interest, although were statistically significant only for substance abuse and mental ill-health. For substance use, we found an average effect size of (\u22120.34\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.48, \u22120.21]); for mental ill health of (\u22120.18\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.34, \u22120.01]); and for housing instability of (\u22120.10\u2009SD, 95% [\u22120.90, 0.70]).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Effectiveness of Individual Psychosocial Interventions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We were able to undertake five meta-analyses (statistical summaries) with respect to four types of intervention: CBT, Contingency Management, Motivational Interviewing, and Brief Motivational Interventions, in relation to specific outcomes. Of these five analyses, we found significant effects for the effectiveness of Contingency Management in reducing problematic substance use (\u22120.49\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.85, \u22120.14]), and of Motivational Interviewing in reducing mental ill-health (\u22120.19\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.26, \u22120.12]). We also found non-significant effects in relation to CBT and reducing mental ill health (\u22120.30\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.61, 0.002]), Motivational Interviewing and reducing problematic substance use (\u22120.27\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.56, 0.01]), and Brief Motivational Interventions and reducing problematic substance use (\u22120.24\u2009SD, 95% CI [\u22120.61, 0.13]). Meta-analysis was not possible for any other interventions or outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Author Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This systematic review sought to understand the effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for adults in high income countries experiencing homelessness, for reducing problematic substance use, reducing mental ill-health, and increasing housing stability. The review shows potential benefits of these interventions, with some encouraging results for some interventions and outcomes. Where we could calculate effect sizes, these were often small and, in many cases, crossed the line of no effect (i.e., there is a chance that they are equally or less effective than treatment as usual). Significant heterogeneity between studies and high rates of drop-out in many studies reduces the confidence in the interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>There are some limitations with the evidence base. The included studies were entirely from the United States. There was a clear gender bias in the included studies, with nearly two-thirds of participants being men. (This is despite 4 of the 26 included studies focusing on women only.) We also found that the theoretical basis for the approach of interventions was not sufficiently considered, so it was difficult to understand why the intervention expected the outcomes they measured. Finally, many of the studies included were assessed as having high or medium risk of bias.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T05:10:19Z","timestamp":1737090619000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The effectiveness of psychosocial interventions for reducing problematic substance use, mental ill health, and housing instability in people experiencing homelessness in high income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4097-8439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"O'Leary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History, Politics and Philosophy, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Coren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Consultant"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandor","family":"Gellen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anton","family":"Roberts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Armitage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Policy Evaluation and Research Unit, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(20)30489-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100100256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/694324"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2014.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023822"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agr057"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.20239"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(00)80008-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01286-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.71.3.619"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.152975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NNR.0000000000000249"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-019-10068-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000570"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2016.1193165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990601174931"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2014.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01612840802597580"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12093"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnu.2018.11.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.22291"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00980541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990600754006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/TU92-LX8W-G7FD-9LEM"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0b013e3181beac52"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2020.105206"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2004.00491.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apnr.2004.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_13_1","unstructured":"Kadoura W. E. (2014). The brighter future for homeless families and their preschoolers' program in Salt Lake City Utah. University of Utah."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262210"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13891"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300425"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731515622263"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1541-1559.3.1.16"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0094500"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_20_1","first-page":"1167","article-title":"Reaching impaired populations with HIV prevention programs: A clinical trial for homeless mentally ill African-American men","volume":"49","author":"Linn J. G.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Linn J. G., Neff J. A., Theriot R., Harris J. L., Interrante J., Graham M. E. (2003). Reaching impaired populations with HIV prevention programs: A clinical trial for homeless mentally ill African-American men. Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France), 49(7), 1167\u20131175.","journal-title":"Cellular and molecular biology (Noisy-le-Grand, France)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6171.2011.00301.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NMD.0000000000000741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.039743"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_24_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Effectiveness of a mobile outreach and crisis services unit in reducing psychiatric symptoms in a population of homeless persons with severe mental illness","volume":"94","author":"Morris D. W.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Morris D. W., Warnock J. K. (2001). Effectiveness of a mobile outreach and crisis services unit in reducing psychiatric symptoms in a population of homeless persons with severe mental illness. The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association, 94(8), 343\u2013346.","journal-title":"The Journal of the Oklahoma State Medical Association"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_25_1","first-page":"385","article-title":"Outcomes for a transitional living program serving LGBTQ youth in New York City","volume":"85","author":"Nolan T. C.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nolan T. C. (2006). Outcomes for a transitional living program serving LGBTQ youth in New York City. Child Welfare, 85(2), 385\u2013406.","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-014-9792-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010581"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_28_1","unstructured":"Ogden S. M. (2013). \u201cIt feels like home\u201d: The impacts of supportive housing on male youth\u2013perspectives of youth and service providers at five beds to home."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.20.3.254"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/32.4.301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2524.2004.00469.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_33_1","unstructured":"Ricelli S. E. (2019). Problem-solving therapy to foster resilience among veterans who are homeless or at-risk for homelessness: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Drexel University."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445520982562"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024697706033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:APIH.0000028895.78151.88"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_37_1","unstructured":"Santa Maria D. (2019). Development and piloting of a just-in-time personalized HIV prevention intervention for youth experiencing homelessness and unstable housing."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_38_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Costs and effectiveness of substance abuse treatments for homeless persons","volume":"5","author":"Schumacher J. E.","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schumacher J. E., Mennemeyer S. T., Milby J. B., Wallace D., Nolan K. (2002). Costs and effectiveness of substance abuse treatments for homeless persons. The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics, 5(1), 33\u201342.","journal-title":"The Journal of Mental Health Policy and Economics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.11.2.146"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.48.6.807"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.90.12.1873"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0630-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-007-9132-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2005.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2009.00121.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_47_1","unstructured":"Slesnick N. Prestopnik J. Meyers R. (2005). Outcome of CRA with Homeless Adolescents: Preliminary findings. 67th Annual Scientific Meeting of the College on Problems of Drug Dependence Orlando Florida. https:\/\/www.cochranelibrary.com\/central\/doi\/10.1002\/central\/CN-00591039\/full"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.08.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-018-3123-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.66.3.541"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2004.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J069v14n04_09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_53_1","unstructured":"Theodos B. Pergamit M. Derian A. Edelstein S. Stolte A. (2016). Solutions for youth: An evaluation of the Latin American youth center's promotor pathway program."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2254-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_55_1","unstructured":"Wong C. Kolodner K. Fingerhood M. Bigelow G. E. Silverman K. (2005). Therapeutic workplace for homeless alcohol dependent individuals."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2021.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000424"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2017.10.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_4_2_1","unstructured":"Not relevant."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_5_2_1","unstructured":"Not relevant."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31869-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470743386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.1230"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2017.1344957"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/ijic.s2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12474"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"deSousa T. Andrichik A. Cuellar M. Marson J. Prestera E. K R. (2022). The 2022 Annual Homelessness Assessment Report (AHAR) to Congress."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Rough sleeper snapshot in England, Autumn 2021","author":"DLUHC","year":"2022","unstructured":"DLUHC. (2022). Rough sleeper snapshot in England, Autumn 2021. Department for Levelling Up, Housing and Communities. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/rough-sleeping-snapshot-in-england-autumn-2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_10_1","volume-title":"Homelessness statistics","author":"DLUHC","year":"2023","unstructured":"DLUHC. (2023). Homelessness statistics. DLUHC. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/collections\/homelessness-statistics"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2018.1556784"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"Psychosocial interventions for mental and substance use disorders: A framework for establishing evidence-based standards","author":"England M. J.","year":"2015","unstructured":"England M. J., Butler A., Gonzales M. (2015). Psychosocial interventions for mental and substance use disorders: A framework for establishing evidence-based standards. The National Academies Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_15_1","unstructured":"FEANTSA. (2022). The 7th overview of housing exclusion in Europe 2022. https:\/\/www.feantsa.org\/en\/report\/2022\/06\/30\/?bcParent=27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_16_1","unstructured":"Gaetz S. Dej E. Richter T. Redman M. (2016). The state of homelessness in Canada 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"Government W. (2011). Substance Misuse Treatment Framework (SMTF) guidance for evidence based psychosocial interventions in the treatment of substance misuse."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chiabu.2011.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9251-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_20_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Higgins J.","year":"2022","unstructured":"Higgins J., Thomas J., Chandler J., Cumpston M., T L., Page M., Welch V. (Eds.). (2022). Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (Vol. 6.3). Cochrane."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pon.1780"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jan.14275"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010247"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Jain S. Laksminarayanan M. Mantri S. Singh S. White H. (2023). The effectiveness of interventions to improve the welfare of people experiencing homelessness: An updated evidence and gap map. https:\/\/assets-global.website-files.com\/59f07e67422cdf0001904c14\/63f63f56650d1219da213dff_CHI.Effectiveness.EGM.FifthEdition.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.10.938"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1103"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00210-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31959-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-017-0646-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1016837231886"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227298"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-13-00025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13607863.2017.1423031"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01286-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.152975"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_37_1","unstructured":"National Alliance To End Homelessness. (2021). State of homelessness: 2021 edition. https:\/\/endhomelessness.org\/homelessness-in-america\/homelessness-statistics\/state-of-homelessness-2021\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_38_1","unstructured":"NICE. (2007). Drug misuse in over 16s: Psychosocial interventions."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1396"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02673037.2020.1849573"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1290"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_42_1","unstructured":"ONS. (2019). Deaths related to drug poisoning in England and Wales: 2019 registrations. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/bulletins\/deathsrelatedtodrugpoisoninginenglandandwales\/2019registrations"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.68.2.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_44_1","unstructured":"Pustejovsky J. E. (2022). Package \u2018clubSandwich\u2019. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/clubSandwich\/clubSandwich.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-021-01246-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2532311"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckab165.403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10780874221095185"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16066359.2016.1193165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.02.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v036.i03"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00377310902828266"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1329"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_56_1","unstructured":"White H. Narayanan M. (2021). Why interventions to improve the welfare of people experiencing homelessness or at risk work or not: An updated evidence and gap map. https:\/\/assets-global.website-files.com\/59f07e67422cdf0001904c14\/605359119515f4b5a3d5a8c4_CHI%20EGM%20Implementation%20second%20edition%202021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cl2.1069"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_58_1","unstructured":"Wilson D. B. (2017). Formulas used by the \u201cPractical meta-analysis effect size calculator.\u201d http:\/\/mason.gmu.edu\/\u223cdwilsonb\/downloads\/esformulas.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176279"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315083049"}],"container-title":["Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.70019","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/cl2.70019","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cl2.70019","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T07:17:28Z","timestamp":1788160648000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cl2.70019"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cl2.70019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cl2.70019","relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CL2.70019\/v1\/review3","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CL2.70019\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CL2.70019\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CL2.70019\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/CL2.70019\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1891-1803","1891-1803"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1891-1803","type":"print"},{"value":"1891-1803","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"article-number":"cl2.70019"}}