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Of these, vitamin E is likely the most important antioxidant in the human diet, and many studies have been performed to elucidate its role in health and disease. Vitamin E is a family of several compounds, of which \u03b1\u2010tocopherol is the most widely known analog. \u03b1\u2010Tocopherol exhibits antioxidative property in vitro and inhibits oxidation of low\u2010density lipoprotein cholesterol. In addition, \u03b1\u2010tocopherol shows anti\u2010inflammatory activity and modulates expression of proteins involved in the uptake, transport, and degradation of atherogenic lipids. Though \u03b1\u2010tocopherol exhibits important antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and antiatherogenic features in vitro, \u03b1\u2010tocopherol supplements have failed to consistently reduce atherosclerosis\u2010related events in human trials. The conflicting results have led to reconsideration of the importance previously given to \u03b1\u2010tocopherol and led to interest in other members of vitamin E family, especially \u03b3\u2010tocopherol, which exerts a much more potent antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and cardioprotective effect than \u03b1\u2010tocopherol. This reconsideration has been backed by solid laboratory and clinical research. We suggest that the absence of \u03b3\u2010tocopherol in traditional preparations may be one reason for the lack of consistent salutary effects of vitamin E preparations in clinical trials. This review summarizes our current understanding of tocopherols as antioxidant molecules and emerging evidence of an important role of \u03b3\u2010tocopherol in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis\u2010related cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,14]],"date-time":"2015-08-14T09:40:43Z","timestamp":1439545243000},"page":"570-576","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":117,"title":["Tocopherols in the Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis and Related Cardiovascular Disease"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Pankaj","family":"Mathur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiovascular Medicine University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences and Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock Arkansas"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zufeng","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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