{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:03:04Z","timestamp":1791388984424,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1480291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Little is known about the comparative effectiveness and safety of non\u2013vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) compared to warfarin in Chinese atrial fibrillation (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>) patients. Our aim was to compare the ischemic stroke risk reduction and incidence of intracranial hemorrhage (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content>) of warfarin in relation to quality of anticoagulation control (as reflected by time in therapeutic range [<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content>]), and to dabigatran and rivaroxaban in a real\u2010world cohort of Chinese <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content> patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>NOAC, rather than warfarin, is preferred in Chinese AF patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Of 2099 patients studied (73.1 \u00b1 12.3 years, female: 44.6%, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CHA<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>DS<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u2010VASc<\/jats:styled-content> 3.7 \u00b1 1.9 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HAS\u2010BLED<\/jats:styled-content> 2.0 \u00b1 1.0) with nonvalvular <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content>, 963 patients (45.9%) were on warfarin (only 16.3% had <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content> \u226565%), 669 patients were on rivaroxaban, and 467 patients were on dabigatran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>After a mean follow\u2010up of 21.7 \u00b1 13.4 months, there were 156 ischemic strokes (annual incidence of 4.10%\/year), with the incidence of ischemic stroke being highest in patients on warfarin with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content> &lt;65% (5.24%\/year), followed by those on rivaroxaban (3.74%\/year), and those on warfarin with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content> \u226565% (3.35%\/year), whereas patients on dabigatran had the lowest incidence of ischemic stroke (1.89%\/year). The incidence of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> was lowest in patients on dabigatran (0.39%\/year) compared with those on rivaroxaban (0.52%\/year) and warfarin, with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content> &lt;65% (0.95%\/year) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content> \u226565% (0.58%\/year). Patients on rivaroxaban 20 mg daily had similar ischemic stroke risk (1.93%\/year) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> risk (0.21%\/year) compared to dabigatran.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>In Chinese <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AF<\/jats:styled-content> patients, the benefits of warfarin therapy for stroke prevention and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> reduction depend on <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TTR<\/jats:styled-content>. Of the treatments compared, dabigatran, as well as rivaroxaban 20 mg daily, was associated with lowest ischemic stroke and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICH<\/jats:styled-content> rates.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]],"date-time":"2016-11-28T16:12:45Z","timestamp":1480349565000},"page":"222-229","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Efficacy and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and warfarin for stroke prevention in Chinese patients with atrial fibrillation: the Hong Kong Atrial Fibrillation Project"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Wen\u2010Hua","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Echocardiography and Noninvasive Cardiology Laboratory Sichuan Academy of Medial Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chern\u2010En","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital National Yang\u2010Ming University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chu\u2010Pak","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hung\u2010Fat","family":"Tse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esther W.","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ian C.K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory Y. H.","family":"Lip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Birmingham Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences City Hospital  Birmingham United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pak\u2010Hei","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chung\u2010Wah","family":"Siu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine The University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE2008021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jce.12066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2014.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000077341"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.006476"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2014.11.182"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.000990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0905561"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1009638"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCEP.113.000858"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0131479"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wneu.2013.02.070"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-146-12-200706190-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000087149.42294.8C"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.21.2.230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22434"}],"container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fclc.22649","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fclc.22649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/clc.22649","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/clc.22649","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/clc.22649","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,10]],"date-time":"2023-09-10T23:10:38Z","timestamp":1694387438000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clc.22649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/clc.22649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.22649","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-9289","1932-8737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-9289","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,28]]}}}