{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T21:36:56Z","timestamp":1792445816767,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":19,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Association of cardiovascular disease (CVD) with nontraditional risk factors such as vitamin D deficiency has been examined previously. An investigation of the association of vitamin D with subclinical myocardial injury (SC\u2010MI) based on an electrocardiographic score is a simple, cost\u2010effective and innovative way to explore this relationship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Hypothesis<\/jats:title><jats:p>We hypothesize that low vitamin D levels will be associated with prevalent SC\u2010MI independent of traditional CVD risk factors, lifestyle factors, and socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This analysis included 6079 participants (58.3\u2009\u00b1\u200913.1\u2009years; 54.1% women) without CVD from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to examine the association between vitamin D categories (&lt;20, 20\u201029, and &gt;30\u2009ng\/mL (reference) and cardiac injury score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>There was an incremental increase in the prevalence of SC\u2010MI across vitamin D categories with the highest prevalence in &lt;20\u2009ng\/mL, followed by 20 to 29\u2009ng\/mL and then &gt;30\u2009ng\/mL (trend <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value &lt;0.0001). There was a statistically significant association between vitamin D deficiency (&lt;20\u2009ng\/mL) and SC\u2010MI (odds ratio [OR] (95% confidence interval [CI]): 1.27 (1.04\u20101.55), <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.04). This association was stronger in men than women (OR (95% CI): 1.74 (1.32\u20102.30) vs 0.94 (0.70\u20101.25) respectively; interaction <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\u2010value 0.002).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vitamin D deficiency is associated with SC\u2010MI, especially in men. These findings may further highlight the role of nontraditional risk factors in the development of CVD. The value of vitamin D supplementation in the prevention of myocardial ischemia and injury may warrant investigation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,21]],"date-time":"2018-09-21T23:33:33Z","timestamp":1537572813000},"page":"1468-1473","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Vitamin D deficiency and electrocardiographic subclinical myocardial injury: Results from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey\u2010III"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"41","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6870-1722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad I.","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Section on Hospital Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4084-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parag A.","family":"Chevli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Section on Hospital Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yabing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elsayed Z.","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiological Cardiology Research Center (EPICARE), Department of Epidemiology and Prevention Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston Salem North Carolina"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Cardiology Wake Forest School of Medicine  Winston Salem North Carolina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g2035"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22563"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.06.067"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2008.10.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-5-201003020-00009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.113.082602"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0175"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0398"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.64.2.249"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2014.06.032"},{"issue":"32","key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plan and operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u201394. 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