{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T11:37:10Z","timestamp":1789645030448,"version":"4.0.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1597104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health through","award":["U54 MD 007582"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54 MD 007582"]}]},{"name":"National Institute of Minority Health and Health Disparities of the National Institutes of Health through","award":["P20 MD006738"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P20 MD006738"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death in the United States, with approximately 805\u2009000 cumulative deaths from myocardial infarctions (MI) from 2005 to 2014. Gender and racial\/ethnic disparities in MI diagnoses are becoming more evident in quality review audits. Although recent changes in diagnostic codes provided an improved framework, clinically distinguishing types of MI remains a challenge. MI misdiagnoses and health disparities contribute to adverse outcomes in cardiac medicine. We conducted a literature review of relevant biomedical sources related to the classification of MI and disparities in cardiovascular care and outcomes. From the studies analyzed, African Americans and women have higher rates of mortality from MI, are more probably to be younger and present with other comorbidities and are less probably to receive novel therapies with respect to type of MI. As high\u2010sensitivity troponin assays are adopted in the United States, implementation should account for how race and sex differences have been demonstrated in the reference range and diagnostic threshold of the newer assays. More research is needed to assess how the complexity of health disparities contributes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Creating dedicated medical quality teams (physicians, nurses, clinical documentation improvement specialists, and medical coders) and incorporating a plan\u2010do\u2010check\u2010adjust quality improvement model are strategies that could potentially help better define and diagnose MI, reduce financial burdens due to MI misdiagnoses, reduce cardiovascular\u2010related health disparities, and ultimately improve and save lives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.23431","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T02:10:28Z","timestamp":1597198228000},"page":"1076-1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Myocardial infarction classification and its implications on measures of cardiovascular outcomes, quality, and racial\/ethnic disparities"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1750-8196","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron L.","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University  Tallahassee Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5224-2891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Winchester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine University of Florida  Gainesville Florida USA"},{"name":"Cardiology Section, Medical Service Malcom Randall VA Medical Center  Gainesville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanya D.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Professional Excellence University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus  Aurora Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosland D.","family":"Hilliard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Matters Environmental, Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicology  Jacksonville Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","volume-title":"Deaths: Leading causes for 2017","author":"Heron M","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0839-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.010203"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000757"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/openhrt-2017-000713"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.08.1038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.06.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2016.263764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2019.0716"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.118.009339"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.22570"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.1460"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.12.050"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.07.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.110.960468"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000157732.03358.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200004133421505"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa032214"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2008.07.028"},{"issue":"20","key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","first-page":"30534","article-title":"Socioeconomic status and differences in the management and outcomes of 6.6 million US patients with acute myocardial infarction","volume":"9149","author":"Matetic A","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.114.001057"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610313351802"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199610313351801"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","unstructured":"McCarthy C. Potential implications related to diagnosing type 2 MI versus myocardial injury. [Expert Analysis] February 14 2020; Available from:https:\/\/www.acc.org\/latest\u2010in\u2010cardiology\/articles\/2020\/02\/14\/08\/49\/potential\u2010implications\u2010related\u2010to\u2010diagnosing\u2010type\u20102\u2010mi\u2010versus\u2010myocardial\u2010injury?promo_creative=\/latest\u2010in\u2010cardiology\/articles\/2020\/02\/14\/08\/49\/potential\u2010implications\u2010related\u2010to\u2010diagnosing\u2010type\u20102\u2010mi\u2010versus\u2010myocardial\u2010injury&promo_position=image_slider_1&promo_id=Latest\u2010in\u2010Cardiology&promo_name=featured_content."},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","first-page":"e88","article-title":"Improving clinical documentation in an academic setting: a multidisciplinary team approach focused on the physician's perspective","volume":"63","author":"Swaminath D","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Healthc Manag"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"558","volume-title":"The Quality Toolbox","author":"Tague NR","year":"2005"}],"container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fclc.23431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/clc.23431","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/clc.23431","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/clc.23431","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T19:27:54Z","timestamp":1693855674000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clc.23431"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/clc.23431"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.23431","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-9289","1932-8737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-9289","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-11","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-07-17","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-11","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}