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Young adult male beagles with tracheostomy were divided into four groups. There were 10 controls (group 1); 9 smoked seven cigarettes per day (group 2); 7 were fed ethanol as 20% of calories (group 3), and 6 received both ethanol and cigarettes (group 4). After a period of 18 months, left ventricular function was assessed under anesthesia. Heart rate, left ventricular end\u2010diastolic pressures, and volumes (indicator dilution) did not differ in the four groups. An index of contractility derived by normalizing peak dP\/dt for pre\u2010 and afterload was reduced significantly below the level of 2.41 \u00b10.7 cm\/s in controls to 1.41\u00b10.35 in group 2, 1.19\u00b10.38 in group 3, and 1.28\u00b10.17 in the ethanol cigarette group (each p&lt;0.002). Arterial pressures were moderately elevated above group 1 in all three experimental groups without evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy. In contrast to smoking, which elicited no abnormalities of myocardial composition, ethanol reduced myocardial potassium and sodium in group 3 without a gain of water content. In group 4, no further decline of tissue cations was observed. Thus, cigarette use when combined with ethanol over a relatively long period produced no greater myocardial abnormalities than ethanol alone and may not be essential to the genesis of cardiomyopathy in alcoholics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960080302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,5]],"date-time":"2009-02-05T05:08:09Z","timestamp":1233810489000},"page":"129-136","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Interaction of chronic cigarette and ethanol use on myocardium"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"S. 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