{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,7]],"date-time":"2025-02-07T11:40:03Z","timestamp":1738928403004,"version":"3.37.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]],"date-time":"2009-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5331,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1994,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review deals with the following principal concepts: (1) Heart injuries in single severe stress episodes manifested primarily in disturbances of membrane lipid bilayer, sarcolemmal Na, K\u2010pump, and sarcoplasmic Ca\u2010pump with concurrent limited disturbances of the heart energy supply, namely, of the creatine kinase and glycolysis systems. These disturbances cause small focal myocardial lesions and reduce cardiac electrical stability: the fibrillation threshold falls and ectopic activity increases. in repeated stress, this damage, localized mainly in the richly innervated conduction system, accumulates to cause even more pronounced disturbances of electrical stability and severe arrhythmias. (2) Severe stress and beta\u2010adrenergic effects on the heart regularly result in coronary vasodilation and increased coronary blood flow. However, the entire primary complex of stress\u2010induced injuries and disturbances of the heart's electrical stability occurs despite the increased coronary blood flow. Thus, beta\u2010adrenergic stress\u2010induced injuries may indeed develop as primary stress damage to cardiomyocytes without any relation to ischemia. (3) The main factor determining high vulnerability or, on the contrary, resistance of the heart to stress is the state of stress\u2010limiting systems, namely, the opioidergic, GABAergic, cholinergic, adenosinergic, and other systems. Activation of these systems by adaptation to repeated stress or other factors prevents serious injuries to the heart in severe stress. Conversely, genetically determined or acquired dysfunction of these systems predisposes to severe arrhythmias and sudden death. Thus, in stress\u2010induced arrhythmic disease as well as in ischemic heart disease, the main pathogenetic links are outside the heart, but they differ from those observed in ischemia. (4) The clinical picture of stress\u2010induced arrhythmic disease, that is, alterations in electrocardiogram, coronarogram, and patient responses to stress, physical loads, and tranquilizers differ, as do pathologic alterations in the heart. These differences are summarized at the end of this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960170705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T05:48:13Z","timestamp":1233726493000},"page":"362-371","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Stress\u2010induced arrhythmic disease of the heart\u2010Part I"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Felix Z.","family":"Meerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","first-page":"I186","article-title":"Sudden cardiac death: Biobehavioral perspective","volume":"76","author":"Lown B","year":"1987","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","unstructured":"RozenbergVD NepomnyaschikhLM:Coronarography in pathological morphology. 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