{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T18:39:54Z","timestamp":1757702394115},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]],"date-time":"2009-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1233619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3747,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Background<\/jats:italic>: The management of permanent atrial fibrillation (PAF) consists primarily of long\u2010term anticoagulation with either aspirin or warfarin to prevent systemic embolization, and modulation of ventricular rate (VR) to improve cardiac function by prolonging the ventricular diastolic filling time.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Hypothesis<\/jats:italic>: The effects of slow\u2010release formulations of gallopamil (100 mg b.i.d.), diltiazem (120 mg bid.), or verapamil (120 mg b.i.d.) on VR were evaluated in 18 patients with PAF without organic heart disease.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Methods<\/jats:italic>: In all patients, each treatment was administered randomly, was compared with oral digoxin, and was assessed by 24\u2010h Holter monitoring during daily life and by a 6\u2010min walk ing test.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Results<\/jats:italic>: There were no significant differences in mean and minimum VR recorded during 24\u2010h Holter monitoring among the four treatments. Peak heart rates recorded during the 6\u2010min walking test with digoxin treatment was 167 \u00b1 12 beats\/min. This was significantly reduced by gallopamil (149 \u00b1 23 beats\/ min, p = 0.01), diltiazem (142 \u00b1 4 beats\/min, p&lt; 0.001), and verapamil (137 \u00b1 30 beats\/min, p &lt; 0.001). There were no significant differences in peak VR during the walking test among the three calcium antagonists. Pauses of \u2265 3 s were observed in 3 of 18 (17%) patients who received digoxin (max 3.4 s) and in 5 of 18 (28%) patients who received diltiazem (max 3.4 s); p = NS. Periods of bradycardia &lt; 30 beats\/min were observed in 5 of 18 (28%) patients during digoxin treatment, and in 3 of 18(17%) patients during treatment with gallopamil, diltiazem, and verapamil; p = NS.<\/jats:p><jats:p><jats:italic>Conclusion<\/jats:italic>: Gallopamil, diltiazem, or verapamil are superior to digoxin in controlling VR during mild exercise in patients with PAF without organic heart disease. The reduction of peak VR is obtainable without further slowing of resting VR. However, gallopamil appears to be the least effective calcium blocker at controlling resting and exercise VR; thus, there are no advantages over the other calcium blockers in its use in the clinical setting.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.4960211110","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,4]],"date-time":"2009-02-04T02:23:58Z","timestamp":1233714238000},"page":"837-840","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Modulation of ventricular rate in permanent atrial fibrillation: Randomized, crossover study of the effects of slow\u2010release formulations of gallopamil, diltiazem, or verapamil"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Giovanni L.","family":"Bottoe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Bonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Broffoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(94)90363-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198204293061703"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.84.2.527"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-8703(92)91058-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(85)80464-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(79)90456-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.290.6461.9"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.83.3.491"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0740351"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.73.2.316"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a062497","article-title":"A comparison of digoxin, diltiazem and their combination in the treatment of atrial fibrillation","volume":"9","author":"Lewis RV","year":"1988","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00499991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_2","first-page":"334","article-title":"Heart rate reduction in atrial fibrillation with a rapid ventricular response by gallopamil, a Ca\u2010antagonist","volume":"71","author":"Neuss H","year":"1982","journal-title":"Z Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.292.6521.653"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-7-573"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_2","first-page":"207","volume-title":"Disturbances of Heart Rate, Rhythm and Conduction","author":"Corday E","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(87)90096-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/8.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(85)90307-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Proc Internat Symposium on Ambulatory Monitoring","author":"Camm AJ","year":"1978"}],"container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fclc.4960211110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/clc.4960211110","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,29]],"date-time":"2023-10-29T00:32:53Z","timestamp":1698539573000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/clc.4960211110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/clc.4960211110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/clc.4960211110","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0160-9289","1932-8737"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0160-9289","type":"print"},{"value":"1932-8737","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,11]]}}}