{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:56:23Z","timestamp":1792522583129,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hypertension, a leading global risk factor for mortality and disability, disproportionately affects racial and ethnic minorities. Our study investigates the association between the type of prior antihypertensive medication use and the likelihood of cardiovascular events (CVE) and assesses whether the patient's race influences this relationship.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A retrospective study of 14\u2009836 hypertension cases aged \u2265\u200940 years was conducted using data from HCA Healthcare between 2017 and 2023. Logistic regression was employed to predict the likelihood of CVE and mortality at admission, adjusting for baseline comorbidities, with Race added as an effect modifier. Interaction analysis was performed among races based on antihypertensive medication types.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>African American patients on ACE inhibitors (ACE) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) were 1.7 times more likely to have cardiovascular events (CVE) compared to those on calcium channel blockers (CCBs) and 0.66 times as likely compared to diuretics. CCB users had a lower CVE risk than diuretic users. Among White patients, ACE\/ARB users had a 1.18 times higher CVE risk than CCB users and 0.45 times lower compared to diuretics, while CCBs offered a 0.38 times lower risk than diuretics. Only ACE\/ARB use showed significantly higher CVE odds for African Americans compared to White patients, with similar risks across racial groups for CCBs and diuretics.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Prior antihypertensive type significantly influenced CVE risk, with race as an effect modifier. CCB users had lower CVE odds than ACE\/ARBs or diuretics, and ACE\/ARBs showed reduced CVE likelihood compared to diuretics in both racial groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.70075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T09:23:19Z","timestamp":1737451399000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Effectiveness of Calcium\u2010Channel Blockers, Angiotensin\u2010Converting Enzyme\/Angiotensin Receptor Blockers and Diuretics on Cardiovascular Events Likelihood in Hypertensive African\u2010American and Non\u2010Hispanic Caucasians: A Retrospective Study Across HCA Healthcare"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4382-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anil","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Midwestern University Glendale Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sushil","family":"Rayamajhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine University of Central Florida College of Medicine\/HCA Florida West Hospital Pensacola Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5987-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhad","family":"Shaker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Schwartz","family":"Thais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Statistics HCA Healthcare Research Nashville Tennessee USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Systems Engineering Florida Institute of Technology Melbourne Florida USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5676-3099","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaveh","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tehran Heart Center, Cardiovascular Disease Research Institute Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS) Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(15)00128-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0140-6736(18)32203-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","unstructured":"Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs). 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