{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T14:34:29Z","timestamp":1789828469834,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Educational attainment and economic status are important socioeconomic characteristics and are associated with metabolic diseases and premature death risk. However, their relative importance and contributions to premature death remain unclear.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Data were collected from ten survey waves of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018. Deaths before age 75 from all\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific mortality were ascertained from linkage to the National Death Index with follow\u2010up through 2019. Weighted Cox proportional hazard models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for death by educational attainment and income level. Population\u2010attributable fractions (PAFs) were calculated to quantify the proportional contributions of low income and low educational attainment to mortality.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Over an average of 10.1 years of follow\u2010up, 4310 premature deaths were confirmed from 43\u2009637 participants. Low income and low educational attainment were associated with increased risks of all\u2010cause and cause\u2010specific mortality, respectively. The associations between low educational attainment and mortality risk disappeared after mutual adjusting for income and education. However, among those with high school education or above, the adjusted HRs of middle income and low income were 1.81 (95% CI, 1.48\u20132.21) and 2.88 (95% CI, 2.31\u20133.59) for all\u2010cause mortality. The PAF showed that low educational attainment did not contribute to mortality, while 33.0% of premature deaths were attributable to low income.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Income had a greater impact on mortality risk than education. The disparities in mortality risk could be reduced by narrowing the income differentials.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.70173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T06:58:30Z","timestamp":1751785110000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Association Between Educational Inequality and Income Inequality With Metabolic Diseases and Cause\u2010Specific Mortality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6357-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingya","family":"Niu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China"},{"name":"School of Clinical Medicine Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaotong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaoyun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lixia","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiading District Central Hospital Affiliated Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xuhang Community Health Service Center, Jiading District Shanghai China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1311890"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-059042"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32380-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M21-3956"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01088-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2020.1458"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1017271"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.058311"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.15187"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00081-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M23-0507"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6706a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"426","article-title":"2017 ACC\/AHA\/AAPA\/ABC\/ACPM\/AGS\/APhA\/ASH\/ASPC\/NMA\/PCNA Guideline for the Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Management of High Blood Pressure in Adults: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology\/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines","volume":"138","author":"Whelton P. 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