{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T07:07:06Z","timestamp":1793862426551,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753920000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Chronic kidney disease (CKD) may be associated with fatal cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We aim to identify CVD\u2010related mortality trends in patients with CKD in the US, examining the variation by sex, race, and region, and compare them to CVD\u2010related mortality trends in general.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The CDC\u2010WONDER database was used to obtain age\u2010adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 population. Annual percent change (APC) and average APC (AAPC) in these rates were calculated using Joinpoint regression and comparisons were done using pairwise comparison.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 1999 to 2020, a total of 605,384 CVD\u2010related deaths were observed in patients with CKD. The AAMR was almost double in males (11.0) than females (6.3). NH (Non\u2010Hispanic) Blacks or African Americans displayed the highest overall AAMR while NH Asians or Pacific Islanders displayed the lowest. AAMRs also varied substantially by region (Midwest: 8.8; West: 8.6; South: 8.0; Northeast: 7.3). States with the highest AAMR was the District of Columbia. Nonmetropolitan regions exhibited a slightly higher AAMR (8.6) than metropolitan regions (8.1). The AAPC for CVD\u2010related deaths in patients with CKD differed significantly from that of the general population for the entire cohort, across both sexes, as well as among NH Whites, NH Black or African Americans, and Hispanics or Latinos. Regional differences were also observed in the Midwest, Northeast, and West.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant differences in CVD\u2010related deaths in patients with CKD were observed. These high\u2010risk groups should be the point of focus for targeted interventions to reduce CVD\u2010related mortality in CKD patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.70174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]],"date-time":"2025-07-31T12:54:32Z","timestamp":1753966472000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Trends in Cardiovascular Mortality in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease From 1999 to 2020: A Retrospective Study in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3474-8087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eeman","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7241-7724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoaib","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Joseph Hospital and Medical Center Phoenix Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0920-9152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azka","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Maimonides medical centre Brooklyn NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9374-927X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahzaib","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Fatima Memorial Hospital College of Medicine and Dentistry Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0981-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umar","family":"Akram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9121-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamza","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Allama Iqbal Medical College Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obaid Ur","family":"Rehman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medstar Health Georgetown University Baltimore USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1100-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Khyber Teaching Hospital Peshawar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7874-4566","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chadi","family":"Alraies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology Detroit Medical Center Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3192-8093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gregg C.","family":"Fonarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology University of California Los Angeles CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","volume-title":"Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2023","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfs113"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00894.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.050686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-024-05235-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12860\/jnp.2014.19"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease in Chronic Renal Disease","volume":"9","author":"Foley R. 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