{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T16:52:27Z","timestamp":1790787147537,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Clinical Cardiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains a leading cause of mortality in the USA, particularly among individuals aged 65 and older. There is limited research about the association between psychoactive substance use and cardiovascular death due to AMI. This study aims to analyze trends in AMI\u2010related mortality among older adults (aged \u2265\u200965) associated with psychoactive substance use in the USA from 1999 to 2020, with a focus on demographic and geographic variations.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We conducted a descriptive analysis using death certificates from the CDC's WONDER database. Data were extracted for age, sex, race\/ethnicity, urban\u2013rural status, and geographic region. Crude mortality rates and AAMR were calculated, and temporal trends were assessed using Joinpoint regression.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Between 1999 and 2020, there were 231\u2009359 AMI\u2010related deaths among older adults with substance use disorders. Men (39.2) had a markedly higher mortality rate than women (15.0). Mortality rates increased across all age groups, with the most pronounced rise in those aged 85 and older (33.9). Metropolitan areas (22.3) experienced lower mortality rates than nonmetropolitan areas (37.9). The Midwest (32.3) consistently recorded the highest mortality rates, followed by the Northeast (25.0), South (24.5), and West (18.7).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study reveals notable temporal trends in AMI mortality among older adults with psychoactive substance use, highlighting significant demographic and regional disparities. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address this growing public health issue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clc.70191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]],"date-time":"2025-08-11T12:52:52Z","timestamp":1754916772000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mortality Trends Associated With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Psychoactive Substance Use in Older Adults: A US Nationwide Analysis (1999\u20132020)"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3829-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Hamza","family":"Shuja","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramish","family":"Hannat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Services Institute of Medical Sciences (SIMS) Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Shahid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Komail Khalid","family":"Meer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayesha","family":"Mubbashir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maliha","family":"Edhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dow University of Health Sciences Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irfan","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alareed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust Southampton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2453-7377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nitish Behary","family":"Paray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Somerset NHS Foundation Trust Taunton UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2814-7314","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raheel","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Heart and Lung Institute Imperial College London London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernardo","family":"Cortese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center Cleveland Ohio USA"},{"name":"Fondazione Ricerca e Innovazione Cardiovascolare Milano Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-1025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"Hall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine University of Mississippi Medical Center Jackson Mississippi USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2015.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0095-4543(05)70167-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)07493-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2538-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2008.892"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2007.759"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00015.2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjcr\/ytaa376"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"A.Shaaban M. 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