{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T19:41:13Z","timestamp":1790106073745,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational All"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Persistent human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) infection is a common finding in patients suffering from chronic tonsillar disease. However, the associations between HBoV1 infection and specific immune reactions are not completely known. We aimed to compare in vivo expression of T\u2010cell cytokines, transcription factors, and type I\/III interferons in human tonsils between HBoV1\u2010positive and \u2010negative tonsillectomy patients.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Tonsil tissue samples, nasopharyngeal aspirate (NPA), and serum samples were obtained from 143 immunocompetent adult and child tonsillectomy patients. HBoV1 and 14 other respiratory viruses were detected in NPAs and tonsil tissues by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Serology and semi\u2010quantitative PCR were used for diagnosing HBoV1 infections. Expression of 14 cytokines and transcription factors (IFN\u2010\u03b1, IFN\u2010\u03b2, IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u201010, IL\u201013, IL\u201017, IL\u201028, IL\u201029, IL\u201037, TGF\u2010\u03b2, FOXP3, GATA3, RORC2, Tbet) was analyzed by quantitative reverse\u2010transcription (RT)\u2010PCR in tonsil tissues.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>HBoV1 was detected by PCR in NPA and tonsils from 25 (17%) study patients. Serology results indicated prior nonacute infections in 81% of cases. Tonsillar cytokine responses were affected by HBoV1 infection. The suppression of two transcription factors, RORC2 and FOXP3, was associated with HBoV1 infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). Furthermore, intratonsillar HBoV1\u2010DNA loads correlated negatively with IFN\u2010\u03bb family cytokines and IL\u201013.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study shows distinctively decreased T\u2010helper<jats:sub>17<\/jats:sub> and T\u2010regulatory type immune responses in local lymphoid tissue in HBoV1\u2010positive tonsillectomy patients. HBoV1 may act as a suppressive immune modulator.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,12]],"date-time":"2021-08-12T16:27:01Z","timestamp":1628785621000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Persistent human bocavirus 1 infection and tonsillar immune responses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"11","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0169-2681","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lotta E.","family":"Ivaska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antti","family":"Silvoniemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology \u2013 Head and Neck Surgery Turku University Hospital and University of Turku  Turku 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