{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T02:07:27Z","timestamp":1790820447506,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational All"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome (AGS) is a food allergy with severe delayed allergic reactions, mediated by IgE\u2010reactivity to galactose\u2010\u03b11,3\u2010galactose (\u03b1\u2010Gal). AGS is strongly associated with tick bites. An increased incidence of venom sensitization has been found in AGS patients. Here, we evaluated the frequency of wasp sensitization in Swedish AGS patients and the possible cross\u2010reactivity between wasp venom and tick proteins.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sera from 136 Swedish AGS patients and 29 wasp\u2010positive non\u2010AGS control sera were analyzed for IgE\u2010reactivity against wasp venom (<jats:italic>Vespula<\/jats:italic> spp.), the European tick <jats:italic>Ixodes ricinus<\/jats:italic> (Streptavidin ImmunoCAP), \u03b1\u2010Gal and total IgE by ImmunoCAP. The presence of \u03b1\u2010Gal on wasp venom proteins (<jats:italic>Vespula vulgaris<\/jats:italic>) was investigated by western blot (WB), and possible cross\u2010reactivity between wasp venom and tick proteins by enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay and WB. Involvement of cross\u2010reactive carbohydrate domains (CCDs) was also assessed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Wasp sensitization was present in 54% of AGS patients, although the IgE levels were low. Wasp sensitized patients had higher IgE levels to \u03b1\u2010Gal and total IgE levels compared to non\u2010wasp sensitized AGS patients. \u03b1\u2010Gal was not detected in wasp venom, but cross\u2010reactivity between wasp and tick proteins was demonstrated which was not dependent on CCDs. The same cross\u2010reactivity was also observed in the control sera. Furthermore, 17 putative cross\u2010reactive peptides were identified using an <jats:italic>in silico<\/jats:italic> approach.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>For the first time, cross\u2010reactivity between wasp venom and tick proteins has been described. This may be a reason why the majority of Swedish AGS patients, who have all been tick bitten, are also sensitized against wasp.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,17]],"date-time":"2022-01-17T11:49:15Z","timestamp":1642420155000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Cross\u2010reactivity between tick and wasp venom can contribute to frequent wasp sensitization in patients with the \u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2890-1586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mensiena B. 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