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Previous studies have suggested that human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) may modify RV\u2010induced immune responses in young children. We investigated cytokine profiles of sole RV\u2010 and dual RV\u2010HBoV1\u2010induced first wheezing episodes, and their association with severity and prognosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fifty\u2010two children infected with only RV and nine children infected with dual RV\u2010HBoV1, aged 3\u201323\u00a0months, with severe first wheezing episodes were recruited. At acute illness and 2 weeks later, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated, and stimulated with anti\u2010CD3\/anti\u2010CD28 in vitro. Multiplex ELISA was used to quantitatively identify 56 different cytokines at both study points. Patients were prospectively followed for 4\u00a0years.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The mean age of the children was 14.3\u00a0months, and 30% were sensitized. During the acute illness, the adjusted analyses revealed a decrease in the expression of IL\u20101b, MIP\u20101b, Regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and presumably secreted (CCL5), TNF\u2010a, TARC, and ENA\u201078 in the RV\u2010HBoV1 group compared with the RV group. In the convalescence phase, the RV\u2010HBoV1 group was characterized by decreased expression of Fractalkine, MCP\u20103, and IL\u20108 compared to the RV group. Furthermore, the hospitalization time was associated with the virus group and cytokine response (interaction <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05), signifying that increased levels of epidermal growth factor and MIP\u20101b were related with a shorter duration of hospitalization in the RV\u2010HBoV1 coinfection group but not in the RV group.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Different cytokine response profiles were detected between the RV and the RV\u2010HBoV1 groups. Our results show the idea that RV\u2010induced immune responses may be suppressed by HBoV1.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,13]],"date-time":"2023-11-13T15:03:41Z","timestamp":1699887821000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Human bocavirus 1 coinfection is associated with decreased cytokine expression in the rhinovirus\u2010induced first wheezing episode in children"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9748-2442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pekka","family":"Hurme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reetta","family":"Sahla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"R\u00fcckert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Institute of Allergy and Asthma Research (SIAF) University of Z\u00fcrich Christine K\u00fchne\u2010Center for Allergy Research and Education (CK\u2010CARE)  Davos Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tero","family":"Vahlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics University of Turku  Turku Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riitta","family":"Turunen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine Turku University Hospital University of Turku  Turku Finland"},{"name":"New Children's Hospital Helsinki University Hospital University of Helsinki  Helsinki 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