{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T16:21:40Z","timestamp":1779294100492,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,13]],"date-time":"2024-10-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1728777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001866","name":"Fonds National de la Recherche Luxembourg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C17\/BM\/11656090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C17\/BM\/11656090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001866","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FI2226\/2\u20101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FI2226\/2\u20101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational All"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The \u03b1\u2010Gal syndrome (AGS) is characterized by the presence of specific IgE\u2010antibodies to the carbohydrate galactose\u2010\u03b1\u20101,3\u2010galactose (\u03b1\u2010Gal). Sensitization to \u03b1\u2010Gal has been associated with tick bites and individuals exposed to ticks have an elevated risk of sensitization. The aim of this study was to analyze IgG and IgE antibody responses to \u03b1\u2010Gal in a high\u2010risk cohort of forestry employees (FE) in Luxembourg.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Questionnaires and serum samples of FE from Luxembourg (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0219) were retrospectively analyzed. \u03b1\u2010Gal specific IgE was quantified by ImmunoCAP, \u03b1\u2010Gal specific IgG and subclasses IgG<jats:sub>1\u20134<\/jats:sub> were determined by ELISA. Additionally, sera from population\u2010based controls (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0150) and two groups of food\u2010allergic patients, patients with AGS (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a045) and fish\u2010allergic patients (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a022) were assessed for IgG antibody responses to \u03b1\u2010Gal and cod extract.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Twenty\u2010one percent of FE was sensitized to \u03b1\u2010Gal (sIgE\u00a0\u2265\u00a00.1\u00a0kU<jats:sub>A<\/jats:sub>\/L). Both sensitized and non\u2010sensitized FE exhibited high levels of \u03b1\u2010Gal specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG3 compared with controls, indicating a stimulation of IgG responses by recurrent tick bites, independent of the sensitization status. AGS patients had the highest levels of IgG1 and IgG2 antibodies, whereas the profile of fish\u2010allergic patients was similar to the profile of the controls for which anti\u2010\u03b1\u2010Gal responses were dominated by IgG2 antibodies. \u03b1\u2010Gal sIgG4 levels were either very low or undetectable in all groups.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our study provides evidence for a continuous stimulation of \u03b1\u2010Gal related immune responses by repeated tick bites, translating into highly elevated levels of IgG1 antibodies directed against \u03b1\u2010Gal.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.12396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,14]],"date-time":"2024-10-14T03:53:49Z","timestamp":1728878029000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Recurrent tick bites induce high IgG1 antibody responses to \u03b1\u2010Gal in sensitized and non\u2010sensitized forestry employees in Luxembourg"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6015-2933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neera","family":"Chakrapani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"},{"name":"Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine University of Luxembourg  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9185-481X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kyra","family":"Swiontek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5001-2128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Judith M.","family":"H\u00fcbschen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infection and Immunity Luxembourg Institute of Health  Esch\u2010sur\u2010Alzette Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Fischer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Department of Dermatology Eberhard Karls University of T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9741-7491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Ruiz\u2010Castell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Health Luxembourg Institute of Health  Strassen Luxembourg"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francoise","family":"Codreanu\u2010Morel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Immunology\u2013Allergology Unit Center Hospitalier Luxembourg  Luxembourg 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