{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:15:24Z","timestamp":1790730924284,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004339","name":"Sanofi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SGZ\u20102018\u201011987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SGZ\u20102018\u201011987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3S035019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3S035019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Clinical &amp; Translational All"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is generally characterized by tissue\u2010infiltrating eosinophils. Various biologic treatments, targeting the inflammation, have demonstrated efficacy in reducing nasal polyp size and symptoms. However, their specific impact on granulocyte populations within polyps remains largely unclear. This study explores how different biological treatments modulate local nasal polyp inflammation by assessing changes in granulocyte presence and recruitment before and after treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Type 2\u2010high CRSwNP patients received treatment with mepolizumab, benralizumab, omalizumab, or dupilumab. Immunohistochemistry and protein measurements were performed on their nasal polyp tissue. Bulk RNA\u2010sequencing was conducted on pre\u2010 and post\u2010treatment nasal samples, identifying differentially expressed genes. These results were integrated with single\u2010cell data from CRSwNP patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal polyp tissue from type 2\u2010high patients exhibited substantial eosinophil infiltration and limited neutrophils present. All tested biologics reduced eosinophil\u2010related proteins and genes in nasal tissue. However, our data suggest that benralizumab, mepolizumab and omalizumab could induce a concurrent upregulation of neutrophilic markers. In these patients, chemoattractant genes for neutrophils primarily originated from the epithelial cell cluster, whereas receptors for these biologics were expressed by plasma cells, dendritic cells, and mast cells.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Biological treatments effectively reduced eosinophilic inflammation in nasal polyps. However, most biologics could induce an eosinophil\u2010to\u2010neutrophil shift, indicating that solely targeting eosinophils may be insufficient as a treatment approach. Understanding these secondary effects on local immune pathways is critical for optimizing CRSwNP treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/clt2.70117","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T07:00:03Z","timestamp":1764313203000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Distinct Effects of Biological Treatments on Eosinophils and Neutrophils in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyp Patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1417-3303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon","family":"Van Nevel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Head and Skin Faculty of Medicine Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Head and Skin Faculty of Medicine Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaofeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Head and Skin Faculty of Medicine Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manon","family":"Blauwblomme","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Head and Skin Faculty of Medicine Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"Vandewalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research Laboratory Department of Head and Skin Faculty of Medicine Ghent University  Ghent Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Holtappels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Upper Airways Research 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