{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T20:33:12Z","timestamp":1789849992264,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1501718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["ChemMedChem"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An interesting mitochondrial biomarker is the 18\u2010kDa mitochondrial translocator protein (TSPO). Decades of study have shown that this protein plays an important role in a wide range of cellular functions, including opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore as well as programmed cell death and proliferation. Variations in TSPO expression have been correlated to different diseases, from tumors to endocrine and neurological disorders. TSPO has therefore become an appealing target for both early diagnosis and selective mitochondrial drug delivery. The number of structurally different TSPO ligands examined has increased over time, highlighting the scientific community\u2032s growing understanding of the roles of TSPO in normal and pathological conditions. However, only few TSPO ligands are characterized by the presence of groups that are potentially derivatizable; therefore only few such ligands are well suited for the preparation of targeted prodrugs or nanocarriers able to deliver therapeutics and\/or diagnostic agents to mitochondria. This review provides an overview of the very few examples of drug delivery systems characterized by moieties that target TSPO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.201700322","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]],"date-time":"2017-08-03T15:44:37Z","timestamp":1501775077000},"page":"1261-1274","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Bridging Pharmaceutical Chemistry with Drug and Nanoparticle Targeting to Investigate the Role of the 18\u2010kDa Translocator Protein TSPO"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Rosa Maria","family":"Iacobazzi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Tumori IRCCS Giovanni Paolo\u2005II  Viale O. Flacco 65 70124 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Lopalco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Cutrignelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentino","family":"Laquintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Lopedota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-7828","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nunzio","family":"Denora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia\u2014Scienze del Farmaco Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro  Via Orabona 4 70125 Bari Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_1_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_2","first-page":"1985","volume":"10","author":"Lopalco A.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-016-1956-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2016.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S596"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(99)00060-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","first-page":"1399","volume":"10","author":"Toporkiewicz M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.1086745"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2013.11.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24653"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xphs.2016.03.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24539"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wnan.1305"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2006.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36131-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb12965.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)09743-3","volume":"34","author":"Ntkiewicz-Michaluk L.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2010.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(01)00118-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01424-8","volume":"51","author":"Gavish M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_2","first-page":"1295","volume":"12","author":"Batra S.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0024-3205(99)00487-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_27_2","first-page":"831","volume":"59","author":"Hardwick M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_2","first-page":"3205","volume":"8","author":"Maaser K.","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-4580(91)90106-T"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19971015)50:2<345::AID-JNR22>3.0.CO;2-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2015.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-011-0552-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_34_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20422"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nucmedbio.2007.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2017.03.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)36131-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_39_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0267487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-128X(03)00101-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(88)90834-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1990.tb15380.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_44_1","first-page":"831","volume":"59","author":"Hardwick M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_45_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-129-3-1481"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pa.29.040189.001515"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(96)00558-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03260.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)10080-1","volume":"35","author":"Hirsch J. D.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00093-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.3.753"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_53_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)77217-7","volume":"265","author":"Krueger K. E.","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.10.5478"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)10942-7","volume":"262","author":"Romeo E.","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/156802612799078748"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd3295"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_59_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0167307"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.578286"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_62_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161207781368710"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011247"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_65_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ml5000788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm100429r"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.35.21629"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_69_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/74994"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2007.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.191.9.1487"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_73_1","first-page":"435","volume":"30","author":"Kugler W.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell. Oncol."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10724"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjoc.2001.2181"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_76_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(00)00760-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/38.11.1068"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)02231-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_80_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_81_2","first-page":"30","volume":"61","author":"Papadopoulos V.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. Pharm. Fr."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.103.052068"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V87.8.3170.bloodjournal8783170","volume":"87","author":"Carayon P.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(99)00151-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-3623(96)00270-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/me.15.12.2211"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_87_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_88_2","first-page":"1005","volume":"5","author":"Alho H.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell Growth Differ."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(90)90089-F"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028-3908(11)80009-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-6997(24)01424-8","volume":"51","author":"Gavish M.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_92_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm030973k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm8003224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.5b00689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm8006728"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2013.09.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2009.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm8011678"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1987.tb01007.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_101_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2006.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm960251b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jlcr.1274"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_104_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3565(25)38161-9","volume":"265","author":"Auta J.","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986706777584979"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/092986709788803150"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1175055"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0811201106"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2008.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_110_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_111_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm201703k"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_112_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm401721h"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_113_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.116.178996"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_114_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_115_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2005.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_116_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206777585111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_117_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/polc.5070510111"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_118_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp100235w"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2012.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_120_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071085"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C4DT01540A"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c3dt51152a"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jm0612160"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17071010"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17060967"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a129077"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp400536z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_128_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/mp800158c"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/1061186X.2015.1087527"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc9002053"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ol017155b"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_132_1","unstructured":"\u00a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_133_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.21093"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_134_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bc049924s"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_135_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/C5NR08139D"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_136_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.3919"}],"container-title":["ChemMedChem"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fcmdc.201700322","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/cmdc.201700322","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T10:25:53Z","timestamp":1760264753000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/chemistry-europe.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/cmdc.201700322"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,22]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/cmdc.201700322"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cmdc.201700322","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1860-7179","1860-7187"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1860-7179","type":"print"},{"value":"1860-7187","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2017-05-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2017-08-03","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}